Electrochemical reactions gaw, chemical n-gun gaw wan n-gun de galai shai ai (sh) electron hte electrolyte lapran na interface kaw electron htawt sit ai hku nna vice versa byin ai. Ndai zawn re ai lam ni gaw, wan n-gun gaw, tsi mawan galai shai ai lam hpe shabyin ya ai (sh) chemical reaction ni gaw wan n-gun shapraw ai masa hta byin ai.
Essential Components ni
Electrochemical reactions ni gaw rau jawm galaw ra ai npawt nhpang lam masum ra ai. Electron conductor langai gaw, npu kaw byin ai n-gun ni byin ai electrode hku nna magam gun ai. ionic conductor{{2}typically hku nna, n-gun rawng ai ions-}ya gaw, electrodes lapran lwi ai charge lawm ai. Hkum tsup ai circuit gaw ndai daw ni hpe matut mahkai ya nna, shinggan lam hku nna electron shamu shamawt lu ai.
Dai n-gun gaw, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun nkau mi a kata kaw sha byin pru wa ai. Ndai n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun gaw, electronic conductor ni hta sha n-gun rawng ai, ions ni gaw electrolyte hku nna charge hpe gun hpai ai majaw re.
Tinang hkum hpe makawp maga ai lam gaw n-gun atsam hpe hpan shalat ai shaloi
Galvanic cell ni gaw wan n-gun shapraw na matu, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun (electrochemical reactions) hpe madun dan ai. Ndai system ni hta, oxidation gaw anode kaw byin ai rai nna, cathode kaw shayawm ai lam byin ai. Ndai daw lahkawng a lapran na chemical potential shai hkat ai lam gaw shinggan na circuit hku nna electron ni hpe shadut ya ai.
Battery discharge gaw ndai n-gun n rawng ai lam hpe kasi madun dan ai. Forklift battery ni hpe lang ai shaloi, electrode arung arai ni hte electrolyte ni a lapran na chemical reaction ni gaw, motor hpe n-gun jaw ya ai electron ni hpe shapraw ya ai. Lead-}acid variants ni gaw, sulfuraric acid hta lup bang da ai lead dioxide hte sponge lead plate ni hpe lang nna, electrochemical reaction gaw, shinggyin tawn da ai chemical n-gun hpe sharawt na matu ra ai wan n-gun de galai shai kau ya ai.
Daniell cell gaw npawt tara hpe asan sha madun dan ai. Zinc metal gaw electrode langai hpe oxidize galaw nna, kaga electrode kaw na magri ions ni hpe shayawm na matu wire hku nna lwi ai electron ni hpe dat dat ai. Ndai electron lwi ai lam gaw wan n-gun hpe hpaw ya ai, reactants ni yawm mat ai aten du hkra matut galaw ai (sh) system gaw rap ra ai de du wa ai.
Shinggan na n-gun atsam mawdaw ni hpe bai gram lajang ai lam ni
Electrolytic cells ni gaw, n-gun n rawng ai sha, n-gun n rawng ai sha, matut hkawm sa na matu, n-gun n rawng ai voltage ra ai. Shinggan na wan n-gun gaw n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-nga ai.
Recharge galaw mai ai battery hpe charge galaw ai gaw ndai npawt tara hpe madun dan ai. Lead-}acid battery hpe charger langai hte matut ai shaloi, jai lang ai voltage gaw discharge a n-gun hpe bai nhtang wa shangun ai. Lead sulfate gaw lead dioxide hte sponge lead de bai galai shai ya nna, sulfuric acid n-gun gaw electrolyte hta jat wa ai. Wan n-gun bang ai lam gaw, hpang de na a arung arai ni hpe n-gun jaw na chemical potential hpe bai gawgap ya ai.
Hka electrolysis gaw kaga asan sha re ai ga shadawn langai mi hpe jaw ya ai. Hka kata de lup mat ai electrode ni hpe law law lang lang ai gaw H₂ molecule ni hpe hydrogen hte oxygen gas ni de garan ai. Ra ai voltage gaw oxidation hte shayawm ai daw a daw mi- reactions lapran na chemical byin mai ai atsam hpe lai di ra ai.
Industrial wan n-gun gaw ndai atik anang galaw ai lam hpe madung tawn ai. Electric current gaw, n-gun n rawng ai sha n byin wa na electrochemical process hku nna makawp maga ai (sh) mawn sumli ai coating hpe shabyin ya ai.
Temperature hte bai htang ai lam ni
Electrochemical reactions ni gaw nbung laru hpe grai hkam sha lu ai hpe madun ai. Battery law malawng gaw 0℃hte 45℃lapran hta kaja dik htum bungli galaw ai, ndai range shinggan de performance gaw hkrat sum mat ai. Cold temperatures ni gaw kata na n-gun hpe jat ya ai, ion shamu shamawt ai lam hpe electrolyte hku nna shayawm ya ai hte power pru ai lam hpe shayawm ya ai. Lead-}20℃hta 50% daram n-gun yawm mat ai, lithium-ion battery ni gaw 20% sha n-gun yawm ai hte n-gun yawm mat ai sha, n-gun yawm mat ai.
Heat gaw chemical hten za ai lam hpe lawan ladan galaw ya ai raitim, shim lum ai shadawn sharam kata hta mung lawan ai hku galaw lu ai. Raitim, 60℃hta grai katsi ai gaw lithium battery ni hta thermal hprawng hkawm ai lam hpe hkrit tsang shangun ai, dai shara hta myi man hpaw ai lam ni gaw tinang hkum hpe hkam sha ai lam ni rai nna, hkrit tsang hpa byin wa ai. Dai nbung laru-} na shingra tara gaw, ion shamu shamawt ai lam hpe n-gun n jaw ai sha, n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai shara ni hta, electrochemical reactions ni grau loi ai hku byin pru wa ai hpe tsun mayu ai.
Electrolyte a n-gun gaw, bai htang ai lam hpe grai hkra machyi shangun ai. Lead-acid battery ni hta, sulfuric acid a laksan n-gun gaw, n-gun yawm mat ai shaloi 1.10 a lawu de hpring tup charge galaw ai shaloi, 1.27 daram kaw nna hkrat sum mat ai. Ndai n-gun yawm wa ai gaw, n-gun n rawng ai acid hpe n-gun n rawng ai sha, electron hpe kaja hkra htawt sit na matu naw ngam nga ai aten du hkra, electrochemical reaction hpe shayawm kau ya ai.
Cell Potential a lit hpe
Electrochemical reactions ni gaw, dai system hta electron htawt sit ai lam hpe shabyin ya lu ai wan n-gun atsam nga ai shaloi byin pru wa ai. Nernst equation gaw ndai matut mahkai lam hpe shadawn shadang masat da ai, cell a atsam gaw, dai hta lawm ai arung arai ni a n-gun, nbung katsi ai lam, hte madang tsaw ai electrode atsam ni hta gara hku madung nga ai hpe madun dan ai.
Standard electrode atsam ni gaw gara reaction ni gaw tinang hkrai sha byin wa ai hpe dawdan ya ai. N kaja ai madang na atsam marai ni nga ai arung arai ni gaw electron ni hpe loi loi hte jaw ya ai majaw, shanhte hpe htuk manu ai anode byin shangun ai. Kaja ai manu ni grau law ai ni gaw electron ni hpe hkap la nna, cathodes hku nna bungli galaw ai. Ndai atsam marai ni a shai hkat ai lam gaw, cell a voltage- hpe n-gun jaw ai lam hpe shabyin ya ai.
Voltaic cell pru wa ai shaloi, cell byin mai ai atsam gaw, bai htang ai lam ni galai shai wa ai hte maren, loi loi hte yawm mat wa ai. Dai n-gun gaw, n-gun n-gun n-gun (equilibrium) de du hkra matut manoi byin nga ai, dai aten hta, byin mai ai atsam gaw zero de hkrat mat nna, net electron lwi ai lam n nga ai. Ndai equilibrium masa garai n byin shi yang, electrochemical reaction gaw ya na density hte maren sha byin wa ai.
Grai ra kadawn ai lam ni
Real electrochemical reactions ni gaw, thermodynamic n law htum hta lai nna, grai law hkra n-gun ja ai-}}}} ai n-gun ra ai lam ni law law nga ai. Ndai n-gun dat gaw, electron htawt sit ai lam hte mass transport n-gun n-gun ni a matu activation pat shingdang ai lam ni hpe lai di lu ai. Overpotential gaw, n-gun n-gun, electrode n-gun, ya aten na n-gun ni hte n bung ai.
Lawan ai n-gun n law ai hte lawan ai hku bai htang ai lam ni gaw, n-gun n law ai voltage hta hkrak hkra galaw lu ai. Sluggish reactions ni gaw, tatut galaw mai ai hka lwi ai lam hpe lu la na matu, grai law hkra grai law hkra ra nga ai. Ndai lam gaw, electrolytic process nkau mi gaw, theoretical jahpan ni hta grau law ai voltage ni hpe hpa majaw grau law hkra ra ai hpe sang lang dan ai.
Application ni a hpaga lam ni
Electrochemical reactions gaw n dang hti ai jak ni hte galaw sa wa ai lam ni hpe n-gun jaw ya ai. Flashlight hte tsan ai shara ni hta nga ai primary battery ni gaw, n mai gram lajang lu ai bai htang ai lam ni hpe kam hpa nna, wan n-gun hpe shapraw ya ai. Mawdaw ni hte electronic ni hta lahkawng lang ngu na battery ni gaw, bai nhtang wa mai ai lam ni hpe lang nna, bai kahtap nna mara shagun ai- n-gun n-gun ni hpe jaw ya ai.
Dai wan sau cell gaw laklai ai jai lang ai lam hpe madi madun ai rai nna, wan sau gaw wan sau hpe n-gun kaba ai hte hkrak sha galai shai kau ya ai. Hydrogen gaw anode kaw oxidize byin ai rai nna, oxygen gaw cathode hpe shayawm ya ai majaw, hka hpe sha n-gun shayawm ya ai. Batteri ni hte n bung ai sha, wan sau cell ni gaw, n-gun hpe n-gun jaw na matu, matut manoi wan sau ra ai.
Corrosion gaw, n-gun n rawng ai electrochemical reactions ni hpe, n-gun n-gun hte oxygen ni hpe n-gun jaw ai shaloi, shi hkrai shi byin pru wa ai hpe kasi madun dan ai. Iron rust gaw anodic shara ni hta oxidation reactions hku nna byin pru wa nna, oxygen shayawm ai cathodic shara ni de electron lwi ai lam ni nga ai. Ndai electrochemical ladat ni hpe chye na ai gaw, engineer ni hpe makawp maga ai shingnip ni hte n-gun n rawng ai lam ni hpe byin pru wa hkra karum ya ai- hpe n-gun jaw ya ai.
Industrial electrochemistry gaw n-gun kaba ai- scale galaw shapraw ai lam ni hpe galaw ya lu ai. Aluminium shapraw ai lam gaw, aluminum ions hpe shayawm na matu, hka leng kaba ni hpe jai lang nna, molten aluminum oxide hpe electrolysis galaw ai hta madung nga ai. Chloralkali gaw chlorine gas hte sodium hydroxide hpe shapraw na matu electrolyze galaw ai, dai gaw ahkyak ai hpaga lam hte seng ai tsi ni hpe galaw ai.
Hkrang shapraw ai lam Kinetics hte Rate Factors
Electrochemical reaction rate ni gaw shada da matut mahkai ai lam law law hta madung nga ai. Ya aten na density- hpe unit electrode area{-} gaw, Faraday a tara ni hte maren, bai htang ai lam hte hkrak hkrak matut mahkai nga ai. Ya aten na n-gun grau law ai ngu ai gaw second langai hta electron ni grau law hkra htawt sit ai, chemical galai shai ai lam hpe lawan ladan galaw ya ai lachyum re.
Mass htaw ai lam gaw electrochemical reaction law law hpe pat shingdang da ai. Reactants ni gaw electrode ntsa de du ra ai, arung arai ni gaw n-gun n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun jaw na matu tsan mat ra ai. Ndai htaw sa ai lam ni hpe garan ginhka ai, htawt sit ai, convection ni gaw uphkang nga ai. Electrolyte (sh) hkrang shapraw ai flow-through cells ni gaw mass transport hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ya nna, lu la mai ai n-gun hpe jat ya ai.
Electrode ntsa lamu ga gaw grai ahkyak ai. Ntsa lam kaba ni gaw electron hpe htawt sit na matu shara law law hpe jaw ya ai majaw, current density langai sha hta grau tsaw ai total currents ni hpe galaw ya lu ai. Ndai lam gaw, battery electrode ni gaw, n-gup magap n-gun kaba ai porous structures ni hpe lang ai lam hpe sang lang dan nna, n-gun n-gun ni byin pru wa ai interface hpe grau law hkra galaw ya ai.
Dai electrode arung arai gaw, n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ya ai. Nkau arung arai ni gaw, laksan n-gun n-gun hpe shayawm kau ya ai majaw, shanhte hpe n-gun n law ai aten hta lawan ladan galaw lu ai. Platinum gaw hydrogen oxidation hte oxygen hpe atsawm sha shayawm ya lu ai majaw, manu jahpu n jaw ra ai sha, wan sau cell electrode ni a matu manu dan ai.
Double Layer Structure
Electrode-elrolyte interface hta wan n-gun lahkawng ngu ai n-gun ja ai hkrang langai mi nga ai. Ndai ginra gaw nanometers loi mi hta charge galaw ai majaw, 10⁷ V/cm du hkra n-gun ja ai wan n-gun ni hpe shabyin ya ai. Dai lahkawng lang na layer gaw capacitor zawn galaw nna, electrochemical reaction kinetics hpe hkra machyi shangun ai charge hpe shinggyin tawn da ai.
Ions ni gaw, charge galaw da ai electrode ntsa makau kaw shanhte hkum shanhte orient hpe yu ai. Cations ni gaw n kaja ai electrode ni a makau kaw hpawng de nna, anions ni gaw kaja ai electrode ni hta n-gun dat ai. Ndai ion lajang da ai lam gaw electrode charge hpe jep yu nna gara amyu ni gaw ntsa de du na matu du lu ai hpe hkra machyi shangun ai. Dai lahkawng lang na layer structure gaw, electrode atsam n bung ai majaw, n-gun rawng ai hku galai shai wa ai, n-gun rawng ai lam ni hte n-gun ni hpe shadut ya ai.
Double layer effects hpe chye na ai gaw, electrochemical system ni hpe grau kaja hkra galaw na matu ahkyak ai lam hpe sakse madun nga ai. Hpaji sawk sagawn hpung ni gaw ndai nannoscale phenomena ni hpe grau kaja ai battery electrode ni hpe galaw na matu, n-gun n-gun hpe shayawm ya lu na matu, grau kaja ai electrocatalysts ni hpe rawt jat wa hkra sawk sagawn ma ai. Dai lahkawng lang na layer gaw, molecular- madang na chemistry gaw macroscopic wan n-gun hte seng ai mabyin ni hpe hkan sa ai shara hpe madi madun ai.
Ga San ni hpe ayan san ai
Galvanic hte electrolytic cell ni a lapran hpa shai ai kun?
Galvanic cells ni gaw, battery ni hpe garan kachyan ai zawn re ai, tinang hkrai sha galaw ai chemical reaction ni kaw na wan hpe shapraw ya ai. Electrolytic cells ni hpe lang nna, n-gun n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai n-gun ni hpe n-gun jaw ai (sh) wan n-gun hpe charge galaw ai zawn re ai n-gun n-gun ni hpe n-gun jaw ai. Madung garan ginhka ai lam gaw, shingra tara hku nna byin pru wa ai (galvanic) shing nrai shinggan na n-gun (electrolytic) ra ai kun ngu ai lam rai nga ai.
Wan n-gun n lawm ai sha, electrochemical reaction ni byin chye ai kun?
Rai tim, n law ai raitim. Solid-state battery ni gaw shanhte a crystal structure hku nna ion ni hpe woi awn ai ngang kang ai electrolytes ni hpe lang ma ai. High{3}} n-gun ja ai n-gun ja ai oxide wan sau cell ni gaw ceramic electrolytes ni hpe lang ai. Gas nkau mi pyi, masa langai ngai a npu hta electrolytes hku nna galaw lu ai. Raitim, liquid electrolytes ni gaw grau kaja ai ionic conductivity a majaw grau nna byin nga ai.
Hpa majaw electrochemical reactions ni gaw rap ra ai hku jahkring kau ai kun?
Equilibrium hta, shawng lam hte nhtang wa ai lam ni hpe hkrak hkrak shingdaw ai. Net chemical galai shai ai lam n byin ai majaw, circuit hku nna electron ni n lwi ai. Cell potential gaw zero de hkrat mat ai, hpa majaw nga yang system gaw shi a n-gun yawm dik htum de du wa ai. Reactive ni hpe bang ai (sh) shinggan na voltage hpe bang ai gaw, bai htang ai lam hpe bai hpaw ya lu ai.
Katsi ai lam galai shai ai lam ni gaw ndai bai htang ai lam ni hpe gara hku hkra machyi shangun ai kun?
Katsi ai lam grau tsaw ai gaw, ion shamu shamawt ai lam hpe lawan ladan galaw nna, shamu shamawt ai n-gun hpe shayawm ya ai hku nna, bai htang ai lam hpe jat wa shangun ai. Raitim, grai katsi ai gaw battery a daw ni hpe hkra machyi shangun ai (sh) hprawng mat ai lam ni hpe shabyin ya lu ai. Cold temperature gaw n-gun n law ai hku bai htang ai lam ni hpe grai shayawm ya ai majaw, power pru ai lam hpe shayawm ya ai. Electrochemical system langai hte langai gaw, n-gun kaba ai bungli galaw lu na matu, kaja dik ai nbung laru nga ai.
Electrochemical reactions gaw anhte a shani shagu na prat hpe galoi mung hkra ai ladat ni hku nna chemistry hte wan jak hpaji ni hpe shingdaw ya ai. Na a smartphone kaw na battery kaw nna, n-gun n-gun n-gun ni hpe ninghkap ai anti-corrosion coating du hkra, ndai electron hpe electrode ntsa kaw na htawt sit ai lam ni gaw, prat dep hpaji masa hpe byin shangun ai. Dai n-gun ni gaw, n-gun n-gun n-gun (sh) n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun dat n-gun (sh) n-gun dat n-gun hpe hkrak hkra galaw ai shaloi, n-gun rawng ai n-gun atsam hte chemical hte wan n-gun ni a lapran hta n-gun hpe hpawng de ai shaloi byin pru wa ai.
Matut nna hti na matu matut mahkai lam ni:
Nernst equation hte Cell Potential Calculations
Battery Chemistries hte n-gun atsam ni hpe n-gun jaw ai lam
Corrosion jak hte makawp maga ai lam
Electrocatalysis hte Electrode arung arai ni
Fuel Cell hpaji masa ni
