Olivine Hka Hpung ngu ai gaw hpa rai ta?

Olivine nlung nsam gaw, garan ginhka da ai silicon-oxygen tetrahedra (SiO4) ni hpe octahedral shara ni hpe zing madu da ai magri cations ni hte matut mahkai da ai orthorhombic hkrang masa hte hpawng de da ai. Ndai hkrang hpe hexagonal hku shinggrup da ai oxygen atom ni a shingnip shingna hku nna mu mada mai ai, dai hta octahedral n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun ni hta na daw mi hpe magnesium (sh) magri ion ni hte hpring chyat nga ai rai nna, tetrahedral n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun ni hta na daw mi hpe silicon ni zing da ai.

Olivine hpung gaw, lamu ga hpung Pbnm (kaga shara ni hta Pnma ngu nna mung masat da ai) npu na orthorhombic crystal system hta kristal byin pru wa ai. Ndai npawt nhpang symmetry gaw atom ni gaw crystal lattice kata hta gara hku lajang da ai hpe tsun dan nna, dai mineral a hkum hkrang masa ni hpe hkrak sha shadut ya ai hpe tsun dan ai.

Unit cell hta formula unit mali (Z=4) lawm nna, n bung ai axes masum hpe dingyang angle hku shingdaw ai hpe madun dan ai. Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) a matu, laksan lattice masat masa ni gaw a=4.75 Å, b=10.20 Å, hte c=5.98 Å daram rai nga ai. Fayalite (Fe2SiO4) hta, ndai masat masa ni gaw, magnesium hte shingdaw yang, magri a ionic radius kaba ai majaw, a=4.82 Å, b=10.48 Å, c=6.09 Å de loi mi jat wa ai.

Pbnm lamu ga hpung hpe masat da ai lam gaw ahkyak ai hkrang masa lam ni hpe hpaw shadan dan nga ai. Ndai lamu ga hpung hta mirror plane ni hte inversion center lawm ai majaw, atom shara ni hta laksan symmetry pat shingdang ai lam ni hpe shabyin ya ai. Crystallographic hku n bung ai oxygen shara masum (O1, O2, O3) gaw npawt nhpang kata kaw nga ai, O1 hte O2 gaw shingran shingran ntsa kaw taw nga ai rai nna O3 gaw laksan symmetry n lawm ai general shara hpe zing da ai.

Olivine a npawt nhpang hta, garan tawn da ai SiO4− tetrahedron nga ai, dai kaw na silicon atom gaw, grup yin na oxygen atom mali hte covalent hku matut mahkai nga ai. Ndai tetrahedra ni gaw tsep kawp shanglawt ai-shanhte gaw htingbu tetrahedra ni hte oxygen atom ni hpe n garan gachyan ai majaw, olivine hpe nesosilicate (sh) orthosilicate ngu nna garan ginhka ai. Si-O n-gun langai hpra gaw 1.63-1.66 Å daram shadawn nna, n-gun ja ai covalent arawn alai hpe madun dan ai.

Tetrahedra ni gaw, n-gun n bung ai hku galai shai nna, crystallographic c{0}}axis hte maren sha re ai lahkam ni hku nna, lahta de hte lawu de madun dan ai. Ndai galai shai ai ladat gaw, nlung cations ni nga lu ai structure kata na channel ni hpe shabyin ya ai. Silicon ion gaw shingran shingran ntsa kaw dung nga ai crystallographic hku nna laklai ai shara langai hpe sha zing da ai, lachyum gaw npawt nhpang kata na silicon atom yawng gaw symmetry bungli galaw ai lam ni hku nna matut mahkai nga ai.

Metal cations (ga shadawn Mg2+ (sh) Fe2+) ni gaw M1 hte M2 ngu masat da ai laklai ai octahedral shara lahkawng hpe zing madu da ai. M1 shara gaw inversion center ntsa kaw dung nna, grup yin na oxygen atom kru lawm ai grau n hkru n kaja ai octahedron hpe hpaw ya ai. M1 hta na hpri-oxygen n-gun galu ai gaw magnesium a matu 2.07-2.13 Å daram kaw nna rai nga ai. M2 shara gaw shingran shingran ntsa kaw nga nna, grau kaba ai, grau hkrak ai octahedron hpe shabyin ya ai rai nna, MO tsan ai shara ni gaw 2.04-2.21 Å lapran rai nga ai.

M1 hte M2 shara ni a lapran na shai hkat ai lam gaw, n bung ai cations ni gaw structure kata hta gara hku garan ginhka ai lam hta ahkyak ai lachyum nga ai. Magnesium-iron solid solution series hta, Mg2+ hte Fe2+ gaw shara hpe n law htum ra sharawng ai lam hpe madun dan ai-lahkawng yan gaw M1 hte M2 shara ni hpe n-gun ja ai lata la ai lam n nga ai sha zing madu da ai. Raitim, monticellite (CaMgSiO4) zawn re ai calcium- rawng ai olivines ni hta, kaba ai Ca2+ ion ni gaw grau dam lada ai M2 shara ni de shang na hpe ra sharawng nna, Mg2+ gaw kaji ai M1 shara ni hpe ra sharawng ai.

olivine crystal structure

Olivine a hkrang hpe tsun dan na kaga ladat langai gaw, oxygen sublattice hpe ahkyak shatai tsun dan ai. Oxygen anion ni gaw a-axis makau kaw shinggrup tawn da ai, shingdaw yu yang, hexagonal hku shinggrup da ai (hcp) array hpe hpaw ya ai. Ndai hkrang masa gaw silicon hte metal cations ni shanhte hkum shanhte tawn da ai scaffolding hpe jaw ya ai.

Ndai hcp oxygen lajang da ai kata hta, magri cations ni gaw, nga ai octahedral n-gun n-gun ni a daw mi hpe hpring tup shangun nna, silicon atom ni gaw tetrahedral n-gun n-gun ni hta na -matsat hta na langai hpe zing la ai. Ndai lata la ai shara hpe zing la ai lam gaw M2SiO4 a arawn alai olivine stoichiometry hpe shabyin ya ai, dai kaw M gaw divalent metal cations hpe madi madun ai.

Oxygen atom langai hpra gaw silicon langai hte metal atom masum hpe matut mahkai nna, n-gun ja ai masum-madung hkrang hpe shabyin ya ai. Oxygen atom ni gaw n bung ai-n bung ai oxygen shara masum (O1, O2, O3) gaw htingbu atom ni hte matut mahkai ai makau grup yin hte tsan gang ai lam ni loi mi shai ai. Ndai oxygen shara ni hta shai hkat ai lam gaw, npawt nhpang yawng hpe n-gun jaw ya nna, thermal expansion hte compressibility zawn re ai atsam ni hpe hkra machyi shangun ai.

100) plane hte maren sha jat wa ai, cross- hpe garan tawn da ai SiO4 tetrahedra ni hte matut da ai. Ndai layered arawn alai gaw, applied stress npu hta grau nna ahkyak wa ai, hpa majaw nga yang, dai gaw, mungkan a mantle hta olivine a mechanical hte seismic atsam ni hpe hkra machyi shangun ai potential slip plane ni hpe shabyin ya ai majaw re.

Olivine a nlung nsam gaw magnesium jahtum-hkum hkrang forsterite (Mg2SiO4) hte magri jahtum-hkum hkrang fayalite (Fe2SiO4) lapran matut manoi ngang kang ai hka hpe hkap la lu ai. Ndai hkum tsup ai kayau kaya ai lam gaw Mg2+ (ionic radius ~0.72 Å) hte Fe2+ (ionic radius ~0.77 Å) yan a galu kaba ai lam hta 7% daram sha shai hkat ai majaw, shanhte gaw n-gun n rawng ai sha, n-gun n rawng ai sha, lawt lu ai hku galai shai lu ai majaw nga ai.

Hpung ni hpe htunghking hku nna molar tsa lam shadang hku nna tsun shaleng ai, Fo70 Fa30 (sh) asan sha Fo00 zawn re ai, 70% forsterite hte 30% fayalite hpe madun ai. Mafic lung seng ni kaw na shingra tara olivines ni gaw Fo50 kaw nna Fo60 du hkra rai nna, mantle olivines ni gaw magnesian grau law ai, Fo98 kaw nna Fo22 grup yin hta n-gun rawng ai.

Lattice parameters ni gaw magri rawng ai hte maren linear hku nna jat wa ai. Fe2+ gaw Mg2+ a malai lang ai shaloi, unit cell gaw jat wa ai, hpa majaw nga yang, magri a kaba ai n-gun gaw atom ni hpe loi mi tsan gang shangun ai majaw re. Ndai matut mahkai lam gaw tau hkrau chye lu ai majaw, unit cell dimensions hpe lang nna, olivine a n-gun hpe hkrak hkrak chye lu ai.

Mg-Fe hpe galai shai ai lam kaba hta n-ga, olivine hkrang hta kaga cations ni hpe loi mi sha bang da lu ai. Calcium gaw structure kata de n law htum shang wa nna, M2 shara hpe grau ra sharawng ai. Manganese (tephroite hta Mn2SiO4) gaw magnesium (sh) magri hpe tsep kawp galai kau ya lu ai. Nickel, chromium, hte ferric iron (Fe3+) ni pyi, kaji ai hku rai tim, octahedral shara ni de galai shai wa lu ai.

Olivine structure gaw, laksan n-gun hte nbung katsi ai masa ni hta sha, ngang grin nga ai. Mungkan kata na sung ai lam law wa ai hte maren, olivine lajang da ai lam gaw n-gun atsam n kaja wa nna, n bung ai crystal structures ni lawm ai denser polymorphs ni de galai shai mat wa ai.

410 km daram sung ai shara (14 GPa grup yin na n-gun ni hte maren) hta, olivine gaw wadsleyite de exothermic phase galai shai wa ai. Ndai galai shai ai lam hta, oxygen sublattice gaw hexagonal close-packing kaw nna grau cubic gram lajang ai lam de galai shai wa ai ahkyak ai hkrang masa hpe bai gram lajang ai lam lawm ai. Wadsleyite gaw orthorhombic hkrang hpe naw tawn da ai raitim, galai shai ai spinel- zawn re ai hkrang hpe hkap la nna, silicon atom nkau mi gaw octahedral shingdaw ai lam hta nga ai.

Mungkan ga a npu e grau sung ai, 520 km daram sung ai shara (18-20 GPa) hta, wadsleyite gaw ringwoodite de galai shai mat nna, dai gaw cubic spinel hkrang hpe hkap la ai. Ringwoodite hta, silicon yawng gaw, n-gup magap mali rawng ai shara ni hta grau nna, n-gup magap n-gup magap shara ni hpe zing la ai. Ndai phase galai shai ai lam ni gaw, nbung laru sawk sagawn ai ni gaw, nbung laru a n-gun atsam hta n matut manoi ai lam ni hku nna, akajawng sha density jat wa shangun ai.

Ndai galai shai ai lam ni byin pru wa ai pressure gaw nbung katsi ai hte nbung n-gun (composition) hta madung nga ai. Iron-law ai olivine gaw magnesium-law ai amyu bawsang ni hta grau n-gun n law ai shara ni hta galai shai mat wa ai. 800℃hta, san seng ai forsterite gaw 11.8 GPa hta wadsleyite de galai shai mat nna, wadsleyite-de-ringwoodite galai shai ai lam gaw 14 GPa ntsa hta byin pru wa ai. Dai magri jahtum-lawm ai fayalite gaw wadsleyite hkrang hpe tsep kawp lai di nna, n-gun n law ai shara ni hta ahrensite (hpyen -hpring ai ringwoodite analog) de hkrak sha galai shai mat wa ai.

olivine crystal structure

Olivine hkrang gaw, n bung ai n-gun hte n bung ai n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ai -n bung ai n-gun hpe anisotropic hku bai htang ai. M2 octahedron gaw forsterite kaw nna fayalite du hkra na n-gun yawng hpe M1 octahedron hta grau loi ai hku shinggrup da ai. Ndai shai hkat ai n-gun shayawm ai lam gaw M2 shara gaw shawng nnan na nsen grau kaba ai hte shi a matut mahkai ai lam hta grau htuk manu ai majaw byin pru wa ai.

GPa du hkra single-crystal X-ray diffraction sawk sagawn ai shaloi, M2-O n-gun galu ai gaw, n-gun npu na M1-O n-gun hta grau lawan ai hku kadun mat ai hpe mu lu ai. M1 octahedron gaw magri n-gun law wa ai hte maren, n-gun n law wa ai, dai gaw paradoxically hku nna, bulk modulus (compression hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam yawng) hpe forsterite kaw nna fayalite de loi mi jat wa shangun ai- magri gaw magnesium hta grau li ai majaw, shawng nnan hta n-gun n rawng ai mahtai langai mi rai nga ai.

Temperature gaw structure hpe n bung ai hku hkra machyi shangun ai. Katsi ai majaw unit cell hpe jat wa shangun nna, b-axis gaw katsi jat wa ai coefficient kaba dik htum hpe madun dan ai. Forsterite ntsa 900℃du hkra n-gun ja ai -n-gun hpe sawk sagawn ai shaloi, M-O n-gun galu ai lam ni gaw hkrang shapraw ai hku jat wa ai hpe mu lu ai, raitim, n-gun shayawm ai n-gun ni du wa ai aten du hkra, npawt nhpang structural topology gaw n galai shai ai sha nga ai.

SiO4 tetrahedra gaw, magri-oxygen octahedra hte shingdaw yang mau hpa hku nna ngang kang ai hpe sakse madun nga ai. Si-O n-gun atsam a n-gun ja ai covalent arawn alai a majaw, Si-O n-gun atsam galu kaba ai lam gaw, n-gun (sh) n-gun n-gun (temperature) hte loi mi sha galai shai mat ai. Structural flexibility law malawng gaw M-O bond galu ai lam ni hte polyhedra lapran na angle ni hpe galai shai ai lam kaw na pru wa ai rai nna, polyhedra ni hpe shinggrup ai lam n rai.

Olivine hkrang masa gaw 2010 ning hta ahkyak ai hpaji masa jai lang ai lam hpe mu lu ai.lithium magri phosphet battery ni(LiFePO4 (sh) LFP ngu ai hpe lang ai. 1996 ning hta cathode arung arai langai hku nna mu tam ai lithium magri phosphate gaw, nlung n-ga olivine hte maren, npawt nhpang olivine hkrang masa hpe hkap la ai, raitim, phosphate hpung ni gaw, garan tawn da ai silicate tetrahedra hpe galai shai kau ai.

LiFePO4 hta, npawt nhpang gaw lattice masat masa ni a=6.008 Å, b=10.334 Å, hte c=4.693 Å ni hte orthorhombic symmetry (lamu ga hpung Pnma/Pbnm) hpe n-gun jaw nga ai. Magri atom ni gaw n-gup magap n-gun rawng ai shara ni hpe zing madu da ai (FeO6 n-gup magap n-gun rawng ai shara ni hpe hpaw shabawn ai), phosphorus atom ni gaw n-gup magap mali rawng ai shara ni hta dung nga ai (PO4 n-gun rawng ai shara ni hpe hpaw shabawn ai), dai gaw magri hte silicon atom ni mineral olivine hta gara hku lajang da ai hte bung ai.

Madung shai hkat ai lam gaw, jat bang ai lithium cations ni hta rai nga ai. Lithium ion ni gaw, npawt nhpang kata na octahedral channel ni hta nga nna, zigzag hkrang hku lajang da ai. Battery hpe charge galaw ai hte charge galaw ai aten hta, lithium ions ni hpe ndai channel ni kaw na bai nhtang shaw la nna, npawt nhpang olivine npawt nhpang hpe n jahten kau ai sha bang mai ai. Lithium shang pru wa ai shaloi charge balance hpe n-gun jaw na matu, magri gaw Fe2+ hte Fe3+ lapran redox cycling hpe galaw ai.

Ndai structural stability-n-gun ja ai olivine htingnu gawgap ai kaw na sali wunli hkam la ai-LiFePO4 battery ni hpe laklai ai shim lum ai atsam marai ni hte galu kaba ai cycle prat hpe jaw ya ai. Phosphate tetrahedra hta nga ai n-gun ja ai P-O covalent matut mahkai lam ni gaw oxygen pru wa ai hpe ninghkap ai majaw, kaga lithium{4}}ion battery chemistry nkau mi hpe hkra machyi shangun ai nbung n-gun pru wa ai lam ni hpe pat shingdang ya ai. Sut masa hku jai lang ai LFP battery ni gaw, n-gun hpe n-gun n-htum hkra, charge-discharge cycle 3,000 jan hpe lu la mai ai.

Olivine hkrang gaw shadawn sharam langai mi hpe shabyin ya nga ai: lithium ions ni gaw, n-gun masum hta lawt lu ai hku hkawm sa na hta, crystallographic axes hku nna, n-gun langai - hku nna garan pru ra ai. Ndai gaw ionic conductivity hte rate atsam hpe pat shingdang ya ai. Ndai lam hpe sawk sagawn ai ni gaw nanostructuring (hpyen n-gun hpe shayawm nna, n-gun garan ai lam ni hpe kadun hkra galaw ai) hte carbon coating (electronic n-gun hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ai) hku nna hparan ma ai. Lithium manganese magri phosphate (LMFP) zawn re ai galai shai ai version ni gaw olivine hkrang hpe makawp maga ya ai sha n-ga, magri nkau mi a malai manganese hpe lang nna bungli galaw ai n-gun hpe jat ya ai.

Dai ni na aten hta olivine a hkrang hpe chye na ai lam gaw madung hku nna X-ray diffraction ladat kaw na pru wa ai re. William Lawrence Bragg hte GB Brown yan gaw, 1926 ning hta, moi na X-ray nlung nsam hpe sawk sagawn ai ladat hpe jai lang nna, forsterite a nlung nsam hpe shawng ningnan lang sawk sagawn wa sai. Shanhte a bungli gaw, olivine hpe garan tawn da ai SiO4 tetrahedra-hpe hpawng de da ai hku nna gaw gap da ai, silicate lung seng sawk sagawn ai lam a matu npawt nhpang ningmu langai mi re.

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction gaw hkrak hkrak hkrang shapraw ai lam hpe chye na lu na matu ja masat masa hku naw rai nga ai. Olivine nlung kaji langai mi (ga shadawn 0.1-0.5 mm) hpe goniometer ntsa kaw jung da nna X-ray nhtoi hku nna shinggrup ai. Dai kaw na pru wa ai diffraction hkrang hta langai hkrai a shingran wan hku law ai, langai hte langai gaw n bung ai crystallographic plane ni hpe madi madun ai. Hpaji rawng ai software gaw, mu mada ai diffraction n-gun ni hte maren, atom shara, nbung n-gun masat masa ni, shara ni hpe gram lajang ya ai.

Neutron diffraction gaw, madi shadaw ai shiga ni hpe jaw ya ai, grau nna hydrogen atom ni hpe (hka n-gun rawng ai daw ni hta) tam sawk sagawn na matu hte magnesium hte aluminum zawn re ai electron jahpan bung ai element ni hpe garan ginhka lu na matu manu dan ai. Neutron chyam dinglik ai lam ni hta grau kaba ai crystal ni hte neutron npawt nhpang ni lawm ai laksan shara ni ra ai, raitim shanhte gaw magnetic structures hte nhtoi element nkau mi a shara ni hpe chye na lu na matu grau kaja ai hkrak ai lam hpe jaw ya ai.

Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM) gaw nanoscale hta olivine a hkrang hpe jep yu nna, n kaja ai lam ni, domain lamu ga jarit ni, diffraction ladat ni hte n mu lu ai shara shagu na shai hkat ai lam ni hpe mu lu ai. Resolution kaba ai-TEM gaw atom column langai hkrai hpe sumla hkrung galaw lu nna, atom ni a lajang da ai lam hpe hkrak sha mu lu ai. Ndai lam gaw, tsan ai shara kaji ni hta hkrang masa n bung ai deformed samples (sh) phase transitions ni hpe hkaja ai shaloi grau nna n-gun ja wa ai.

Raman hte infrared spectroscopy gaw n-gun rawng ai ladat hku nna olivine a hkrang hpe sawk sagawn ai. SiO4 tetrahedron hta npawt nhpang n-gun rawng ai lam mali nga ai, shanhte a n-gun rawng ai lam ni gaw Si-O n-gun rawng ai lam hte grup yin na n-gun rawng ai lam ni hta madung nga ai. Composition gaw ndai n-gun rawng ai n-gun ni hpe tau hkrau chye lu ai hku hkra machyi shangun ai-forsterite gaw fayalite hta grau nna n bung ai spectral peaks ni hpe madun dan ai, hpa majaw nga yang Fe-O n-gun gaw Mg-O n-gun hta grau n-gun kya ai majaw re. Ndai spectroscopic ladat ni gaw -jahten sharun ai lam n nga ai sha bungli galaw nna, kaji kajaw sample (sh) lawm ai lam ni hpe laklai hkra galaw lu ai.

Dai crystallographic lajang da ai lam gaw olivine a mu lu ai atsam ni hpe hkrak hkang ya ai. Dai lung seng gaw, octahedral coordination hta nga ai Fe2+ ions ni gaw, nhtoi hpe masat da ai wavelength ni hta hkap la nna, hpraw hpe shalai ya ai majaw, tsanlun -hpraw nsam hpe mu lu ai. Pure forsterite gaw nsam n rawng ai kaw nna nsam hpraw ai-hpraw du hkra rai nna, magri-law ai nsam ni gaw grau nsam hpraw ai kaw nna hpraw ai-hpraw du hkra rai nga ai.

Olivine gaw garan ginhka ai hta grau nna conchoidal fracture hpe madun dan ai, hpa majaw nga yang, octahedra hte matut mahkai ai garan ginhka da ai tetrahedra ni a masum-dimensional hkrang gaw, maga shagu de maren mara ngang kang ai matut mahkai lam ni hpe shabyin ya ai majaw re. Micas (sh) layer silicates ni hta nga ai sheet hkrang ni hte shingdaw mai ai n-gun kya ai plane ni n nga ai. Olivine daw mat ai shaloi, laksan crystallographic plane ni hku garan mat ai hta, n tara ai hku daw mat ai.

Orthorhombic symmetry gaw anisotropic atsam ni hpe shabyin ya ai-hkum hkrang masa ni gaw kristalographic lam hte maren shai hkat nga ai. Seismic wave velocities ni gaw crystal axes ni hte seng nna garan pru wa ai lam hta hkan nna shai hkat nga ai. Lawan ai lawan ai lam gaw a-axis hte bung nna, lapran lawan ai lam gaw c-axis hte bung nna, lawan ai lam gaw b-axis hte bung ai. Mantle olivine hta nga ai ndai nbung laru anisotropy gaw, lamu ga sawk sagawn hpung ni hpe mantle lwi ai lam hte galu kaba ai lam hpe lachyum shapraw na matu karum ya ai.

N-gun ja ai (Mohs scale hta 6.5{3}}7) hte n-gun ja ai (forsterite a matu 3.27-3.37 g/cm3, fayalite a matu 4.39 g/cm3) lahkawng yan gaw, n-gun ja ai n-gun hte n-gun ja ai shingnip shingna hte seng ai. Olivine npawt nhpang hta grau htum ai oxygen npawt nhpang hte metal-oxygen tsan gang ai lam kadun ai majaw, lamu ga a sung htum ai shara ni hta chemical nbung laru hpe ninghkap lu ai ngang kang ai, htum mat ai mineral hpe shabyin ya ai.

olivine crystal structure

Tengman ai olivine crystals ni hta shanhte a akyang lailen hpe grai hkra machyi shangun ai structural n hkum tsup ai lam ni lawm ai. Point n kaja ai lam ni hta, n-gun n rawng ai shara (atom n nga ai), interstitials (atom ni hpe n-gun n rawng ai shara ni de shinggrup da ai), substitutional defects (n-gun rawng ai shara ni hta shut ai atom ni) ni lawm ai. Ndai n kaja ai lam ni gaw, n law tim, ionic shamu shamawt lam a matu lam ni hpe hpaw ya ai hku nna, diffusion rates hte wan n-gun hpe hkang lu ai.

Dislocations-line defects ni gaw, n-gun n rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai shara hta, olivine a jak rung atsam ni hpe uphkang nga ai. Dislocation creep (ndai line n kaja ai lam ni hpe crystal hku nna shamu shamawt ai lam) gaw, lamu ga masa aten masat masa ni a npu e mantle olivine hta byin pru wa ai lam kaba langai hpe madi madun nga ai. Dai laksan slip masa ni (crystallographic planes hte dislocation shamu shamawt ai lam ni) gaw, olivine nli tum ni gara hku galai shai mat nna, ra sharawng ai crystallographic masa ni hpe gara hku gyin shalat wa na hpe dawdan ya ai.

Grain lamu ga jarit hte twin lamu ga jarit zawn re ai jat wa ai n kaja ai lam ni gaw, crystal structure hpe orientation langai kaw nna kaga langai de galai shai wa ai interface ni hpe shabyin ya ai. Ndai lamu ga jarit ni gaw jak n-gun hpe hkra machyi shangun nna, chemical galai shai na matu lawan ai diffusion lam ni hpe jaw ya ai. Subgrain lamu ga jarit ni-npu-angle lamu ga jarit ni gaw n-gun n rawng ai olivine hta rawt jat wa nna, n-gun n rawng ai labau hpe ka matsing da ai.

Mungkan ntsa hta, olivine gaw ngang kang ai hkrang masa nga tim, lawan ladan nbung laru byin wa ai. Hka molecule ni gaw n kaja ai lam ni hte nli tum lamu ga jarit hku shang wa lu nna, olivine framework hte bai htang hkat lu ai. Grau nna byin pru wa ai galai shai ai lam gaw serpentine rai nna, hka molecule ni gaw npawt nhpang kata de shang wa ai shaloi byin pru wa ai: 2Mg2SiO4 + 3H2O → Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + Mg(OH)2. Ndai htingnut ai lam gaw, shawng na n-gun hpe 30-40% jat ya nna, shawng na olivine hkrang hpe jahten kau ya ai majaw, sheet silicate layers ni hte galai mat wa ai.

Kaga galai shai ai arung arai ni hta iddingsite (hpyen n-gun n-gun n-gun hte nhprang n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun rawng ai) hte bowlingite (hpyen n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai silicate) ni lawm ai. Ndai galai shai ai lam ni gaw hka gaw n-gun grau loi ai hku shang lu ai n-gun n-gun hte n-gun n-gun n-gun ni hta lawan dik htum byin wa ai. Hkum tsup ai pseudomorphic galai shai ai lam byin wa chye ai, dai hta galai shai mat ai arung arai gaw shinggan na crystal hkrang hpe naw tawn da nna, kata na hkrang gaw secondary minerals ni de tsep kawp galai shai mat ai.

Olivine a hkrang gaw kaga silicate lung seng ni hte hpa majaw shai ai kun?

Olivine hta oxygen atom ni hpe langai hte langai n garan gachyan ai garan tawn da ai SiO4 tetrahedra ni lawm ai majaw, nesosilicate ngu nna lachyum shaleng da ai. Ndai gaw, tetrahedra ni gaw oxygen ni hpe garan gachyan nna, galu kaba wa ai hkrang ni hpe hpaw shabawn ai, n-gang n-gang (pyroxenes zawn re ai), n-gang n-gang (micas zawn re ai), n-gang n-gang (quartz zawn re ai) ni hte shai hkat nga ai. Dai garan tawn da ai tetrahedra ni gaw, n-gang-oxygen n-gun ni hte shinggrup da ai, n-gun ja ai masum-hkum hkrang n-gun hpe shabyin ya ai.

Hpa majaw olivine hta n bung ai metal shara lahkawng (M1 hte M2) nga ai kun?

Orthorhombic symmetry hte oxygen atom ni a laksan packing lajang da ai lam gaw, n bung ai octahedral shara lahkawng hpe, n bung ai galu kaba ai lam hte n bung ai lam ni hpe shabyin ya ai. M1 gaw inversion center ntsa kaw dung nna kaji nna grau n hkrak ai, M2 gaw mirror plane ntsa kaw dung nna kaba ai hte grau hkrak ai. Ndai garan ginhka ai lam gaw gara cations ni gara shara hpe ra sharawng ai hpe hkra machyi shangun nna, dai arai a hkum hkrang atsam ni hpe hkang ai.

Composition gaw olivine crystal hkrang hpe gara hku hkra machyi shangun ai kun?

Forsterite{0}}fayalite series ting hta magnesium a malai magri hpe galai shai ya ai zawn, Fe2+ gaw Mg2+ hta grau kaba ai majaw unit cell gaw langai sha zawn jat wa ai. Madung structural topology gaw n galai shai ai sha naw nga ai-lamu ga hpung langai sha, atom shara langai sha, coordination grup yin langai sha. Bond lengths ni loi mi jat wa ai raitim, atom ni a lajang da ai lam gaw npawt nhpang hku nna maren sha rai nga ai. Ndai gaw jahtum-member ni a lapran hta hkum tsup ai ngang kang ai hparan ladat hpe jaw ya ai.

Olivine structure gaw hka (sh) kaga n-gun rawng ai arung arai ni hpe hkap la lu na kun?

Standard olivine hkrang hta hydroxyl hpung ni (sh) molecular hka n lawm ai. Raitim, hydrogen a n-gun n law ai gaw, point defects hku nna lawm wa lu ai-, oxygen atom ni a malai (sh) n-gun n rawng ai shara ni hta nga ai OH hpung ni hku nna. Ndai "hka" ni gaw grai n law ai hku naw nga ai (typically<50 ppm by weight), but even trace hydrogen significantly affects electrical conductivity and diffusion rates. Water content increases with pressure, making transition zone olivine polymorphs potentially important water reservoirs in Earth's deep interior.

Olivine crystal hkrang gaw lawu na madung arawn alai ni hpe madun dan ai:

Hkristal masa: Orthorhombic hte lamu ga hpung Pbnm (sh) kaga masa hta Pnma

Lattice masat masa ni:

Forsterite: a ≈ 4.75 Å, b ≈ 10.20 Å, c ≈ 5.98 Å

Fayalite: a ≈ 4.82 Å, b ≈ 10.48 Å, c ≈ 6.09 Å

Gawgap ai lung seng ni: Laksan tawn da ai SiO4 tetrahedra hpe magri-oxygen octahedra (MO6) hku nna matut da ai

Hpyen shara ni: N bung ai n bung ai octahedral shara lahkawng (M1 hte M2) hta n bung ai galu kaba ai lam hte n bung ai lam ni nga ai .

Oxygen shara ni: Asymmetric unit hta n bung ai oxygen shara masum

Hkrang shapraw ai amyu: Tetrahedral hte octahedral n-gun n rawng ai shara ni hta cations ni lawm ai n-gun rawng ai oxygen n-gun rawng ai

Hparan ginhka ai lam: Nesosilicate (orthosilicate) gaw garan tawn da ai n-gup magap mali a majaw re

Gahkyin gumdin lam: Si gaw 4-hkum hkrang (tetrahedral) hta, M kation ni gaw 6-hkap la ai (octahedral)

Ndai hkrang masa gaw mau hpa hku nna ngang kang ai hpe sakse madun dan ai, lamu ga makau grup yin hta n-gun kaba ai compositional ranges ni hta ngang grin ai lam hpe makawp maga ya ai sha n-ga, hpaji masa hta jai lang ai hta rawt jat galu kaba wa ai battery arung arai ni a matu npawt nhpang hpe mung jaw ya nga ai. Olivine hkrang gaw n-gun ja ai covalent Si-O n-gun hte n-gun ja ai n-gang-oxygen n-gun hpe kayau kaya hpawng de da ai majaw, mungkan ntsa hta ahkyak dik htum ai hte laklai ai lung seng hkrang langai mi rai nga ai.