Titani gaw hpa rai ta?- Polinovel

Lithium titanate gaw lithium, titanium, hte oxygen hpe kayau kaya lang ai oxide compound langai mi rai nna, law malawng gaw Liquanel crystal structure hte Li lwi ai hku mu lu ai. Ndai ceramic material gaw madung hku nna laksan lithium-ion battery ni hta anode material langai hku nna galaw ya ai, n-gun n law ai raitim, laklai ai shim lum lam hte shingjawng ai lam hpe jaw ya ai.

Lithium titanate gaw chemical hkrang law law hta nga ai, raitim, n-gup n-gu n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun (spantel variant) gaw Li₄Ti₂ n-gun rawng ai. Ndai n-gun dat hta, lithium ions ni gaw tetrahedral 8a shara ni hpe zing da ai, 16d 16d shara ni hpe jahpring ya ai, 3{1}}dimensional cubic lattice hpe madun da ai. Ndai lajang ai lam gaw sawk sagawn ai ni tsun ai "zero-trai" hkrang hpe shabyin ya ai- lattice gaw charge hte discharge cycle ni hta 1% n-gun galai shai ai lam hpe hkam sha ai lam ni hpe shabyin ya ai.

Dai spelel structure gaw tetrahedral hte octahedral shara ni a lapran hta hopping galaw nna lithium ion ni hpe crystal hku nna hkawm sa lu shangun ai. Lihiation galaw ai aten hta, dai arai gaw Li°Ti₅ O₂ kaw nna Li₇Ti₂ 1O₂ 1 kaw nna, formula unit langai hta lithium ions 3 hpe bai jat bang ai de galai shai mat wa ai. Ndai bang ai lam gaw 1.55V daram hte lithium metal hta byin ai, graphite anode ni a 0.1V hta grau law ai.

Kaga lithium titanate hkrang ni gaw, lithium metatate (Li₂TiO₃), hka lim ai shara hta 1,533℃hta jan ai hka lim ai hka htung langai mi, hte rasdellite lithium titanate (LiTi₃ O raw) hta lang ai hka htung ni lawm ai, dai gaw laksan battery sawk sagawn ai lam hta ga sadi jaw da ai. Dai n bung ai langai hte langai hta titanium-}lithium ratios hte crystal lajang ai lam ni hpe n bung ai hku madun da ai majaw, hkum hkrang hte electrochemical atsam ni hpe laklai ai hku shabyin ya ai.

Lithium Titanate

Battery anode hku lang ai shaloi, lithium titanate gaw, n-gun rawng ai graphite hte n bung ai hku bungli galaw ai. Dai arai gaw, 1.55V a bungli galaw ai voltage gaw, electrolyte law malawng a electrochemical stability window kata kaw dung nga ai majaw, n-gun ja ai electrolyte interface (SEI) hpe n hpaw ya ai. Standard graphite anode ni gaw 0V hte lithium makau kaw bungli galaw ai majaw, electrolyte decomposition byin wa nna, makawp maga ai raitim, hkam sharang lu ai SEI layer byin wa ai.

Charging galaw ai aten hta, lithium ions ni gaw, hka htung kaw nna, electrolyte hku nna htawt sit nna, lithium titanate anode structure de shang wa ai. Li lwi ai lam a nanocrystalline hkrang gaw gram mi hta 30 lang jan gram mi hta square metre 100 daram kaba ai lamu ga npu na lamu ga npu na lamu ga npu na lamu ga hpe 100 daram jaw da ai. Ndai jat wa ai npu lamu ga gaw, electron ni lawan ai hku shang pru wa lu shangun nna, lawan ai hku charge galaw ai lam hpe madi shadaw ya ai.

Hpang de bai nhtang wa mai ai lam ni byin wa ai: Li₄Ti₂ + 3 Li⁻ ↔ Li kaji ↔ Li kaji 1Ti₅ O₂. Theoretical atsam gaw 175 mAh/g du wa ai, raitim, tatut galaw sa wa ai lam ni gaw 150-170 mAh/g hpe lu la ai. graphite gaw 372 mAh/g hta theoretical atsam grau tsaw ai hpe jaw ya ai raitim, lithium titanate gaw grau kaja ai atsam hte asak galu ai lam hku nna gram lajang ya ai.

graphite hte shingdaw yang titanium oxide a redox grau law ai gaw, shingra tara hku nna shim lum lam hpe shabyin ya ai. Lithium dendrites{{1}needle-n bung ai magri n-gang ni hpe lang nna, battery garan ai shara ni hpe htu shapraw lu nna, circuit kadun ni hpe byin shangun nna, lithium titanate ntsa ni hta n-gun n rawng ai hku byin pru wa ai. Ndai shimlum lam gaw, n-gun ja ai wa a matu n-gun ja ai anodes ni a matu hkrit tsang hpa thermal hprawng hkawm ai shara ni a matu ahkyak ai lam hpe sakse madun nga ai.

Lithium titanate battery ni gaw kaga lithium-ion chemistries ni hpe n-gun n rawng hkra galaw ya ai cycle prat hpe madun dan ai. Sut masa cell ni gaw, 80% daram n hkrat sum shi yang, 10,000 kaw nna 30,000 du hkra manu jahpu hpe tup hkrak lu la ai. Toshiba a 2024 ning na masat da ai lam ni gaw 10C manu hta 45,000 lang shanhte a 10C manu hte shanhte a tsaw ai SCiB cells ni a matu 45,000 lang shingjawng ai. Ndai hpe shingdaw yu yang, lithium-ion battery ni gaw, htunghking arung arai ni hpe lang nna, 2,000-3,000 cycle ni hpe hkam la lu ai.

Ndai asak galu ai lam gaw zero-strain structure kaw na pru wa ai. Graphite anode ni gaw lithiation aten hta 10% daram jat wa ai majaw, jak hte seng nna myit ru myit tsang lam ni byin wa ai majaw, n-gun yawm mat nna, n-gun yawm mat ai. Lithium titanate a n-gun n law htum galai shai ai lam gaw, wan hku law ai cycle ngut ai hpang mung, structural integrity hpe makawp maga ya ai.

Lawan ai hku charge galaw ai gaw kaga masat da ai arawn alai langai hpe madi madun ai. Lithium titanate battery ni gaw 0% kaw nna 80% du hkra charge galaw lu ai, 6{7}}10 minit hta grai hkrat sum ai lam n nga ai. 2011 Chongqing wan jak mawdaw dap gaw, 80 kWh lithium titanate system ni hpe lang nna, 400 kW charger ni hpe lang nna, 80 kWh lithium titanate system ni hte hpring tsup ai 80 kWh lithium titanate system ni hte hpring tsup ai, tatut galaw lu ai atsam hpe madun dan ai. Toshiba a hpang jahtum na n-gun kaba ai cell ni gaw 48C rate hta minit 1 laman sha 80% de hkan shachyut ai.

Temperature galaw ai lam gaw lithium hpe kaga ladat ni hte garan ginhka ai. Ndai battery ni gaw -40℃kaw nna 60℃du hkra kam mai ai hku bungli galaw ai, grai sawng ai masa hta kaga chemistries ni a n-gun n-gun yawm ai lam n nga ai. Dai n-gun ja ai n-gun n-gun gaw ndai ginra hta ionic conductivity hpe makawp maga ya ai majaw, Arctic ni hpe jung da ai, nbung katsi ai mawdaw ni hpe jai lang ai, nbung n-gun hpe hkang ai hta n-gun hte n-gun ja ai lam ni hpe jat ya ai aerospace arung arai ni a matu htuk manu ai.

roi rip ai lam a npu hta shim lum ai lam gaw kaga lithium-ion amyu ni hpe lai di lu ai. Lithium titanate cells ni gaw n-gup shang ai, n-gun n rawng ai, n-gun n rawng ai chyam dinglik ai lam ni hpe lai di lu ai. Dai arai a thermal runaway threshold gaw 270℃grup yin hta dung nga ai , bungli galaw ai nbung katsi ai lam hta grau ai hte kaga chemistries law malawng hta grau tsaw ai. Ndai shimlam masa gaw, cell langai hkrat sum mat chye ai grid hpe shinggyin tawn da ai shara ni zawn re ai, n-gun kaba ai{5}} scale installation ni a matu ahkyak ai lam hpe sakse madun nga ai.

Ahkyak dik htum hkra machyi ai lam gaw n-gun n-gun (energy density) rai nga ai. Lithium titanate battery ni gaw 30-110 Wh/kg gravimetrically hte 177 du hkra sha jaw ya ai. graphite anodes hte nickel- ]on ni hpe lang nna, masat masa galaw ai lithium-ion gaw, 200-3}3300 Whi/kg hpe lu la ai. Ndai masum kaw nna shi daram n kaja ai lam ngu ai gaw, lithium titanate battery ni hpe shara grau law hkra zing la nna, maren mara n-gun hpe shinggyin tawn na matu grau nna hkam la ai lachyum re.

Lawu na n-gun n-gun gaw voltage hpe hkrak hkrak hkan tam ai. Lithium titanate cells ni gaw 2.3{3}2.4V nominal voltage hpe shapraw nna, 3.6{{5}3.3.7V a matu masat da ai lithium-ion hte shingdaw yang. Ndai voltage sum mat ai- hpe madi madun ai 1V-translate ni gaw unit mass langai hta n-gun hpe shayawm kau na matu hkrak sha rai nga ai. Dai zawn re ai n-gun hte nsen ni hpe grai ahkyak ai shara hta, jai lang ai electronic hte galu kaba ai wan jak mawdaw ni gaw, n mai hkap la ai.

Cost gaw grai law hkra hkap la na matu kaga pat shingdang lam langai mi hpe jaw ya ai. Lithium titanate battery cell ni gaw, watt a langai hta $1.50 daram, lithium iron phosphate cell ni gaw, watt-hour langai hta $0.40 daram manu jahpu jaw ra ai. Dai manu jahpu gaw, lam law law kaw na pru wa ai: yak hkak ai synthesis ra ai lam ni, galaw shapraw ai aten hta hkrak hkrak hka lim ai lam hpe hkang lu ai, manu dan ai titanium- npawt nhpang ni, hte mainstream chemistries ni hte shingdaw yang, galaw shapraw ai n-gun yawm ai.

Hpaga lam hpe atsawm sha hkang ra ai. Sintering Liquaning Liquaning ladat hta hkan nna 600{4}}850℃ra ai, graphite electrode hkyen lajang ai hta grau galu ai aten galu ai. Anatase (sh) rutile TiO€ a lam ni gaw nbung katsi ai hpe hkang ai lam n law ai hpe sakse madun ai rai yang byin pru wa chye ai, dai gaw electrochemical bungli hpe hkra machyi shangun ai. Nanostructured lithium titanate gaw grai kungkyang ai galaw shapraw ai arung arai ni hte hpaji machye machyang ni hpe ra sharawng ai.

Wan jak ni gaw lithium titanate hpaji hpe hpaga lam hta jai lang ai lam kaba dik htum hpe madi madun ai. Dai chemistry a lawan ai charge galaw lu ai atsam gaw, Bus daru ni hta ahkaw ahkang lu na matu ahkaw ahkang lu shangun nna, n-gun hpe shayawm ya lu ai battery pack kaji ni hpe ahkang jaw ya ai. Microvast gaw, London mare na Wrightbus a New Routemaster New Routemaster double{2}} hpe lawm ai European wan jak mawdaw galaw ai ni hpe lithium titanate battery ni hpe jaw ya ai, dai shara hta 1,000 gaw 18 kWh battery system ni hte bungli galaw nga ai.

Grid n-gun hpe shinggyin tawn da ai ladat ni gaw, lithium hpe n-gun rawng ai lam hpe hkang lu na matu hte ancillary services ni a matu grau grau jat wa shangun ai. Altairno gaw lithium titanate hpaji hpe jai lang nna 20 MW/5 MWh n-gun hpe shinggyin tawn da ai hpun hpe galaw da ai. Ndai installations ni gaw, n-gun atsam n-gun yawm ai lam hta, mahtai jaw ai aten hte shingjawng ai lam hpe ahkyak shatai nna, lithium titanate grau kaja ai shara ni hta. Dai battery ni gaw grid frequency galai shai ai lam ni hpe millisecons kata kaw bai htang nna, shani shagu cycling galaw ai 30-40 ning hpe hkam sharang lu ai.

Wanleng n-gun jaw ai lam ni gaw lithium titanate a katsi ai hpe hkam sharang lu ai hte shim lum ai hpe jai lang ai. 2024 ning April shata hta Toshiba lithium titanate cell ni kaw nna 15{6}} shaning myit mada da ai magam bungli prat hpe galaw na matu n-gun jaw ai Siemens Mireo Plus B battery{1}} lata gap ai wanleng ni gaw magam bungli galaw hpang wa sai. British Rail Class 93 tri-mode mawdaw ni gaw, n-gun n rawng ai line segment ni hta galaw na matu lithium titanate battery ni hpe lang ma ai. Japan a N700S Shinkansen gaw, n-gun n-gun n-nga ai aten hta lawan ladan n-gun n-rawng ai bungli galaw na matu hpaji masa hpe jai lang ai.

Consumer electronics gaw, lawan ai hku charge galaw ra ai (sh) grai kam hpa mai ai, laksan mabyin ni hta lithium titanate hpe hkap la ai. Samsung a Galaxy Note series gaw S{1}}Pen stylus hta lithium titanate battery ni hpe lang nna, second 40 daram na ai kaw na hkying hkum 10 standby hpe galaw lu ai. Seiko Kinetic watch ni gaw, n-gun hpe shinggyin la lu ai atsam hte daw jau ai prat hpe grau kaja hkra galaw na matu, lithium titanate battery ni hpe lithium titanate battery ni hte galai kau ai.

Hpaga lam hte seng ai arung arai ni gaw, automated mawdaw ni kaw nna, mobile tsi mawan ni du hkra, shim lum lam hte shingjawng ai lam a prat gaw, manu grau tsaw ai hpe tara shang ai shaloi, lithium titanate hpe lata la ai. Tempest nbung laru n-gun gaw, solar panel hku nna charge galaw ai 1,300 mAh lithium titanate battery hpe lang nna, bat lahkawng shagu hkying hkum 4 daram sha jan nhtoi ra ai. Hpyen masa hte nbungli jai lang ai lam ni gaw grai katsi ai shara ni hta chemistry a bungli galaw ai lam hpe manu shadan ai hte wan hkru ai lam ni hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam nga ai.

Lithium titanate gara kaw hkrak ai hpe chye na na matu, chye na hkra karum ya ai.lithium battery ni gaw hpa rai ta?in general-they gaw, wan n-gun hpe shinggyin nna shapraw na matu, electrode ni a lapran lithium ions lapran htawt sit ai n-gun hpe bai jat bang mai ai n-gun hpe shinggyin tawn da ai arung arai ni rai nga ai. Ndai lithium-ion a kata kaw, lithium titanate gaw shi a anode material hte masat da ai laklai ai niche hpe hkam la nga ai. Lithium battery law malawng gaw, cathodes{4}}}}lithium hpri phosphate amyu myu hte kayau nna, graphite anode ni hpe lang ma ai, nickel-ncobalt (NMC), shing nrai, lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) hpe lang ma ai. Lithium titanate battery ni gaw Li lwi ai hku nna, Liquaum mangan manganese oxide (sh) lithium iron phosphate cathodes ni hte rau, n-gun n rawng ai hku nna, shanhte hkum shanhte garan ginhka ma ai.

LFP battery ni hte shingdaw yu yang, lithium titanate gaw 5{1}}10 lang galu ai aten hte grau kaja ai katsi ai{2}weather a hkrang shapraw ai lam hpe jaw ya ai, raitim, n-gun atsam hta na daw mi hpe daw mi sha jaw na matu, 3th hpe jaw ya ai. LFP cells ni gaw lithium titanate a matu $0.40/Wh daram manu dan ai. Chemistries lahkawng yan gaw n-gun atsam hta grau nna shim lum lam hpe ahkyak shatai nna, wan hkru ai lam gaw grai sawng ai akyu ni hpe shabyin ya ai application ni a matu kaga ladat ni hpe galaw ya ai.

NMC hte NCA battery ni gaw, wan jak mawdaw ni hpe grau law hkra jai lang ra ai. Ndai chemistries ni gaw 200{{2}250 Wh/kg-double (sh) masum lang lithium titanate a n-gun atsam hpe jaw ya ai wa 300-500 mile ranges ni hpe jaw ya ai. Raitim, shanhte gaw 1,000-2,000 hpe sha cycle hte shingjawng nna, grau kaba ai thermal hprawng ai lam ni hpe shabyin ya ai. Wan jak mawdaw ni gaw, mare kata de htaw sa ai sanghpaw li ni hte mare Bus ni zawn re ai aten galu manu jahpu hte lawan ai hku charge galaw ai hpe ahkyak shatai nna, lithium titanate a bungli galaw ai lam a matu tara jeyang ai lam hpe hkap la mai ai.

Solid{0} State battery ni hte sodium-ion cell ni zawn re ai rawt jat wa nga ai hpaji masa ni hpe ninghkap nna, lithium titanate gaw kungkyang ai, hpaga lam hta sakse hkam da ai hpaji masa ni hpe madi madun ai. Solid-state gaw n-gun grau law ai hte shim lum ai lam hpe ga sadi jaw da ai raitim, galaw shapraw ai lam hta yak hkak ai lam ni hte pre{4}}}} ni a rawt jat galu kaba lam hta naw nga nga ai. Sodium-}ion battery ni gaw, n-gun n law ai raitim, n-gun n-gun hte bung ai lithium titanate hte bung ai n-gun atsam ni hpe jaw ya ai. 2025{9}2}2033 a matu gat lawk hpe tau hkrau tsun da ai lam ni gaw, laksan gat lawk daw ni hpe gram lajang ai rai nna, hpaji ningnan ni gaw mass-market application ni hpe hparan ya ai.

Lithium Titanate

Mungkan ting na lithium titanate battery gat lawk gaw 2024 ning hta $75.61{5}}80.65 billion de du wa sai, 2033-2034 ning du wa ai shaloi, gat lawk sawk sagawn ai company law law a jahpan hku nna, $237-308 lapran na $237-308 lapran du wa sai. Ndai gaw, wan jak mawdaw ni hpe hkap la ai lam, grid hpe shinggyin tawn ai jat wa ai lam, lawan ai hku hkan sa ra ai lam ni a majaw madung hku nna, shaning shagu rawt jat galu kaba wa ai lam hpe madi madun ai.

2024 ning hta, 2024 ning hta, mungkan ting na lithium titanate battery ra kadawn ai lam hta 60% daram nga ai. prat tup nga ra ai. Toshiba a SCiB hpaji masa nga ai Japan gaw, wanleng htaw sa ai lam hte hpaga lam hta jai lang ai lam ni hta, lithium hpe n-gun ja ai hku hkap la ai lam hpe matut manoi galaw nga ai.

North America gaw 36% daram gat lawk garan gachyan ai, Altairna zawn re ai hpaga hpung ni hte Grinergy zawn re ai rawt jat wa nga ai player ni gaw galaw shapraw ai atsam hpe jat wa ai. US Energy dap a $ wan 258 bang ai hta, n-gun ja ai battery hpaji masa ni hta gumhpraw bang ai lam hta, laksan application ni a matu lithium titanate hpe galaw ai lam lawm ai, dai hta, n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai hpe sakse madun ai, laksan application ni a matu.

Madung galaw shapraw ai ni hta Toshiba (SCiB brand), Altairnano (Nanosafe), Microvast (LpTO), Leclanché (TiBox), hte Gree Electric kaw na lu la ai Yinlong Battery Technology lawm ai Miwa mungdan na galaw shapraw ai ni lawm ai. Production atsam jat wa ai lam ni gaw, npawt nhpang chemistry galai shai ai lam ni hta grau nna, process optimization hte economies ni a manu jahpu hpe shayawm na matu madung tawn ai.

Lithium titanate a madung shadawn sharam ai lam ni hpe hparan na matu sawk sagawn ai lam ni hta ahkyak shatai tsun da ai. Mungkan ting na hpung ni gaw, niobium, magnesium (sh) kaga lam ni hte doping hpe sawk sagawn nna, conductivity hte atsam hpe jat ya ai. Carbon coating hte nanostructuring yaw shada ai lam ni lawm ai ntsa lam galai shai ai lam ni hpe grau kaja hkra galaw na matu. Overlihiation ladat ni gaw Li₇Ti₁₂ hta lai nna, n-gun jat ai lam hpe hkam la lu na matu, cycle jawn ai lam hpe sawk sagawn ai, raitim, ndai gaw zero{3}}strain a akyu hpe hkra machyi shangun ai.

Lithium titanate galaw ai lam gaw, n-gun ja ai-state (sh) liquid-state synthesis lam ni hpe hkan nang ai, langai hte langai hta laklai ai akyu ni nga ai. Htunghking hku nna, n-gun ja ai- mungdaw a ladat gaw, stochiometric ratios hta lithium carbonate (Li₂CO hpung) hte titanium dioxide (TiO raw) hte titanium dioxide (TiO raw (TiO raw) hpe kayau nna, 700-850℃hta hkying hkum 10-24 daram hta kayau kaya galaw ai. Ndai ladat gaw asan sha hte scalable hpe sakse madun ai raitim, n-gun n law ai n-gun n law ai n-gun (500nm-5μm) hpe shapraw ya ai.

Sol-gel ladat ni gaw particle size hte morphology hpe grau nna hkang lu ai. Hpaji ninghkring ni gaw, tetrabutyl titanate zawn re ai titanium alkoxides ni hpe, n-gun rawng ai hka n-gun ni hta, 600-800℃hta, gel hte calcine ni hta, garan kachyan ma ai. Dai kaw na pru wa ai lithium titanate gaw 200nm npu na particle size ni hte 100 m2/g de sit sa wa ai npu na shara ni hpe lawan ai hku charge galaw lu ai. Raitim, sol-gel ladat ni gaw, hka lim ai lam hpe atsawm sha hkang lu nna, solid-state synthesis hta manu grau hpu ai hpe sakse madun dan ra ai.

Hydrothermal synthesis gaw, n-gun n law ai nbung laru ni hta n-gun n law ai (120-200℃) hta lithium hpe shapraw ya ai. Ndai ladat gaw laklai ai hkrang masa ni hte nanotus hte nanowires ni hpe shabyin ya ai, raitim, laksan n-gun kaba ai arung arai ni ra nna, hka htung ni hpe ra sharawng ai hka htung ni hpe shapraw ya ai.

Dai molten hka ladat gaw 500-7700℃hta n-gun n law ai{-}}KCl kayau ai) hta n-gun n law ai hka htung hta reaction ni hpe jahkring kau ai. Dai hka n-gun gaw lawan ai ion diffusion hpe loi ai hku galaw ya nna, grai n-gun ja ai n-gun rawng ai lithium hpe shapraw ya ai. N-gun n-gun-efficient hpe htunghking solid-state lam ni hte shingdaw yu yang, hka lim ai ladat ni gaw, sau hpe bai gram lajang nna, bai jai lang ai ladat ni hpe bai jai lang ra ai.

Hpaga lam galaw ai aten hta Quality hpe hkang ai lam gaw grai ahkyak ai hpe sakse madun nga ai. X{1}}ray diffraction gaw, phase san seng ai lam hpe madi shadaw ya ai, anatase (sh) rutile TiO€ a trace amounts ni gaw, bungli galaw ai lam hpe hkra machyi shangun ai. Particle size garan ginhka ai lam gaw electrode galaw ai hte battery galaw ai lam hpe hkra machyi shangun nna, n-gun kaba ai hte conductivity gaw grai kaji ai hte particle ni agglomerate byin wa ai. Hka lum ai lam gaw cell ni hpe hpawng de ai aten hta electrolyte hten za ai lam hpe pat shingdang na matu 100 ppm npu kaw nga ra ai.

Lithium titanate battery ni gaw, 80% n-gun n lu shi yang, 10,000 kaw nna 30,000 du hkra, 10,000 kaw nna 30,000 du hkra lu la ai, nkau mi gaw, 45,000 lang gap ai, n-gun kaba ai n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-nga ai. Lithium-ion aten tup graphite anode ni hpe lang nna 2,000-3,000 cycle ni hte bung ai masa ni hta nga ai. Ndai 5-15x galu kaba ai akyu gaw, shani shagu na cycle hte jai lang ai hta 20-30 ning tup bungli galaw ai prat hpe ga gale ya ai, 5-8 ning tup htunghking lithium-ion a matu.

N-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-nga ai majaw, lithium hpe n-gun n-rawng ai hku galaw lu ai. Lithium titanate hpe lang nna smartphone battery gaw, ya aten na hkrang shapraw ai lam ni hta grau kaba nna, dai hte maren sha hkawm sa ai aten hpe jaw ya lu na re. Hpaga ga ai ni gaw, lawan ai hku charge galaw ai hte asak galu ai lam hta, jak a galu kaba ai lam hte n-gun hpe ahkyak shatai nna, lithium titanate jaw ai. Manu grau law ai gaw manu jahpu hpe hkam sha chye ai jai lang ai ni a gat lawk ni hta grau nna hkap la na matu n-gun n jaw ai.

Rai sai, lithium titanate battery ni gaw, ya na Tesla Superchargers ni hta grau lawan ai hku charge galaw lu ai. Hpang jahtum na cell ni hpe power level hta hkan nna minit 1{5}}6 minit hta 80% de charge galaw ai, Tesla Superchargers ni gaw charge madang bung ai ni a matu minit 15-20 daram ra ai. Raitim, ndai lam gaw, laksan n-gun kaba ai charge galaw ai lam ({6}} kW) ra ai, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun hpe tara jeyang ai lam gaw, lithium titanate mawdaw ni gaw, battery n-gun hte maren sha, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-nga ai.

1.55V bungli galaw lu ai atsam gaw, graphite anode ni hta kata na short circuit ni hpe byin shangun ai lithium denddrite hpe pat shingdang ya ai. Lahkawng, dai arung arai gaw myi man hpe n-gun n rawng hkra galaw ya lu ai ngang kang ai electrolyte interface hpe n shabyin ya ai. Masum, 270℃galu ai thermal runaway threshold gaw, n tara ai hku jai lang ai masa hta grau law ai, zero{4}}}}}}}ran structure gaw, hkra machyi ai lam ni a majaw, jak rung a hkra machyi ai lam hpe ninghkap lu ai. Ndai atsam marai ni gaw lithium titanate cells ni hpe n-gang shang ai lam hte wan n-gun n rawng ai sha chyam dinglik ai lam ni hpe galaw lu shangun ai.

Lithium Titanate

Lithium titanate gaw n-gun hpe shinggyin tawn ai hta masat da ai raitim rawt jat wa ai niche hpe zing da ai. Ndai hpaji masa gaw smartphone (sh) n-gun atsam n-gun gaw jai lang mai ai lam hpe dawdan ya ai smartphone ni (sh) galu kaba ai mawdaw ni hta n-gun n rawng ai shara ni hpe galai shai ya lu na n re. De a malai, n-gun atsam n-gun yawm ai hte manu grau tsaw ai hpe hkap la ai lam hpe tara shang masat ya ai, shim lum ai, lawan ai hku charge galaw ai, shing nrai, nbung katsi ai hpe hkam sharang lu ai lam ni hpe hparan ya ai.

12-15 ning jan na mawdaw ni a prat tup hta, n-gun rawng ai chemistries ni hpe ra sharawng ai, ahkaw ahkang charge galaw ai lam gaw, n-gun shayawm ai lam hpe shayawm ya lu ai, ahkaw ahkang charge galaw ai lam gaw kaji ai battery pack ni hpe galaw ya lu ai, shawa mawdaw lam hta dan dawng dik htum rawt jat lam hpe mu lu ai. Grid storage gaw kaga shingra tara hta na langai mi hpe madi madun ai, grau nna shaning tsa lam hku shani shagu wan hku law ai hka lim ai lam ni ra ai frequency tara shang magam bungli ni a matu.

Kade nna ai aten hta byin pru wa ai lam ni gaw, hybrid ladat ni hta, n-gun ja ai-}} capacity cathodes ni lawm ai lithium titanate anode ni hpe ga sadi jaw ai lam hpe madun dan ai, shing nrai, battery n-gun kaji ai mawdaw kaji ni hpe ayan lang ai range a range- n-gun rawng ai mawdaw ni hta lithium titanate hpe lang ai. Hpaga lam a shadawn shadang ni hte manu jahpu ni yawm wa ai hte maren, chemistry gaw laksan gat lawk ni de jat wa na re. Ya aten hta, lithium titanate gaw, kaja dik htum ai battery chemistry gaw, jai lang ai lam yawng a matu "kaja dik htum" hpaji masa langai hpe sharin la na hta, application ra ai lam ni hta sha madung nga ai hpe madun dan nga ai.