Lithium Cobalt Oxide gaw hpa rai ta?- Polinovel

Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO) ngu ai gaw lithium-ion battery ni hta cathode arung arai hku nna lang ai chemical compound langai mi rai nga ai, grau nna jai lang ai electronic ni a matu. Dai hta lithium ions,+3 oxidation masa hta cobalt atom ni lawm nna, battery charge galaw ai aten hta ion hpe atsawm sha shamu shamawt shangun ai layered crystalline structure hta lajang da ai oxygen ni lawm ai. Lithium battery dinghku hta n-gun ja dik htum ai cathode arung arai langai hku nna, LCO gaw 1991 ning hta bai gram lajang mai ai lithium-ion hpaji hpe hpaga lam hta jai lang ai lam hpe shawng nnan galaw wa ai.

Lithium cobalt oxide a molecular architecture gaw shi a battery hpe tsun dan ai. Ndai compound hta layered hexagonal crystal structure hpe madun da ai rai nna, dai hta lithium cations (Li⁺) gaw cobalt hte oxygen atom ni a galu kaba ai laika man ni a lapran kaw dung nga ai. Ndai cobalt-oxygen layers ni gaw edge-}sharing byin pru wa nna, lithium ions ni gaw n-gun n rawng ai sha shamu shamawt lu na matu channel ni hpe shabyin ya ai.

Dai cobalt atom ni gaw oxygen hte rau coO kaji hte rau matut mahkai nna, lithium gaw grup yin na oxygen atom ni hte n-gun kya ai ionic matut mahkai lam hpe shabyin ya ai. Ndai n bung ai lam gaw, n-gun ja ai Co-O matut mahkai lam ni gaw, Li2 hpe hprawng na ahkang jaw ai sha, n-gun ja ai Co-O matut mahkai lam ni hpe charge galaw ai shaloi, lithium ion hpe shaw la na matu loi shangun ai. Dai crystal gaw Hermann-Mauguin notation hta R{5}}3m lamu ga hpung hta lawm ai rai nna, masum lang galai shai ai symmetry hpe madun dan ai.

Shi a hkum tsup ai masa hta, LiCoO kaji gaw nsam hpraw (sh) nsam hpraw ai-gray crystalline hku nna, 274 mAh/g ngu ai theoretical capacity hte rau, n-gun ja ai n-gun ja ai zawn rai nga ai. Dai arai a tengman ai density gaw 5.1 g/cm3 de du wa ai, tatut galaw mai ai compaction densities gaw 4.2 g/cm3{3}} hpe shinggyim masha ni lang ai cathode arung arai ni hta grau tsaw ai. Ndai laklai ai density gaw volumetric energy density de hkrak sha ga gale ai, lamu ga a matu ahkyak ai akyu langai mi rai nga ai.

Battery charge galaw ai aten hta, cobalt gaw Co3⁺ kaw nna Co⁴ de daw mi hpe oxidize galaw nna, lithium ions hpe n-gun n rawng hkra galaw nna, anode de sit sa wa ai. Ndai lam gaw, LiₓCoO pri ngu ai non

Lithium Cobalt Oxide

Chdu chyang ailithium battery ni gaw hpa rai ta?shanhte gaw n-gun hpe shinggyin la nna shapraw na matu electrode ni a lapran htawt sit ai shara ni hta bai jat mai ai power sources ni re ai hpe chye na ai kaw nna hpang wa ai. LCO gaw ndai ions ni a matu kaja ai electrode kaw na npawt nhpang hte du na shara hku nna magam gun nga ai. LCO battery hpe gram lajang ai hta, cathode hta lithium cobalt oxide lawm ai, anode gaw graphic carbon hpe lang nna, lithium sau electrolyte gaw shanhte a lapran ion htaw sa lu ai.

Nang gaw jak langai hpe charge galaw ai shaloi, lithium ions ni gaw cobalt oxide cathode kaw na shaw la nna, electrolyte hku hkawm sa nna, micropourous separator hku lai wa nna, graphite anode a layered structure de shinggrup da ai. Dai lam gaw, n-gun yawm wa ai aten hta bai nhtang wa ai- ni gaw, na a jak hpe n-gun jaw na matu, shinggan na circuit hku nna shinggan na circuit hku hkawm sa wa ai shaloi, cathode de bai lwi wa ai. Ndai "rocking chair" ngu ai ladat gaw Li-ion battery ni hpe shanhte a bai gram lajang mai ai shingra tara hpe jaw ya ai.

LCO battery ni gaw 3.7V grup yin na nominal voltage hpe 4.2V hta charge cutoff hte jaw ya ai. Ndai voltage plateau gaw, n-gun rawng ai n-gun hpe jaw ya ai, n-gun rawng ai n-gun hpe jaw ya ai, n-gun n-gun law malawng hta, n-gun n rawng ai sha naw nga ai. -20℃kaw nna 55℃du hkra bungli galaw ai voltage range gaw LCO hpe jai lang ai ni law malawng a matu htuk manu ai, raitim, nbung laru grai sawng ai aten hta bungli galaw ai lam gaw hkrat sum mat ai.

1991 ning hta Sony gaw LCO{{1} hpe madung tawn ai battery ni hpe hpaw hpang ai shaloi, dai arai a laksan n-gun atsam hte n-gun atsam n-gun atsam kaba ai lam gaw, 1980 ning hta Oxford Dakkasu kaw LCO a lapran na electrode hku nna LCO a atsam hpe mu tam wa ai, Goodenough a 2019 hta galaw ai bungli ni hpe galaw ai. Dat jasat hpaji.

N-gun ja ai hkum hkrang

LCO battery ni gaw n-gun atsam 150{{2} 2}2}200 Whi/kg hpe lu la nna, kaga ladat law law hpe lai di lu ai. Ndai n-gun- hpe n-gun n-gun a matu n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-nga ai arung arai ni hpe galaw shapraw ai ni hpe ahkang jaw ai. LCO hpe lang ai smartphone battery gaw shara n law ai sha, grau li ai kaga ladat ni hte maren sha, runtime hpe jaw ya lu ai. 4.2 g/cm3 a akyu hpe grau nna jat wa shangun ai, LCO gaw lithium manganese oxide (sh) lithium iron phosphate hta grau nna n-gun rawng ai arung arai ni hpe jaw da ai.

N-gun rawng ai Electrochemical bungli galaw ai lam

LCO a layered structure gaw, shinggyim masha ni a hkum hkrang hpe n-gun jaw ai aten hta, n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ya ai. Average capacity hkrat sum ai lam gaw, masat da ai masa ni hta, cycle langai hta 0.05% npu kaw nga ai. Ndai ngang grin ai lam gaw, n-gun ja ai Cobalt oxide layers ni hta ngang kang ai Coplic matut mahkai lam kaw na pru wa ai, dai gaw lithium ions ni shang pru wa ai shaloi pyi, structural integrity hpe n-gun jaw ya ai. Battery hpe hparan ai lam gaw, tau hkrau tsun da ai hkrang hpe hkan sa ai shaloi, atsam yawm mat ai shaloi, grau nna dingyang byin wa ai.

Laksan bungli galaw ai Voltage

LCO battery ni a 3.9V shapraw ai platform gaw, npu na-}voltage chemistries ni hte shingdaw yang, n-gun grau law ai hpe lu la shangun ai. Battery n-gun hpe voltage square hte shingdaw ai majaw, ndai tsaw ai platform gaw n-gun atsam hpe grai jat shangun ai. 4.2V LCO cell gaw 3.2V lithium iron phosphate cell hta grau nna n-gun hpe shinggyin la lu ai. Dai hta n-ga, grau law ai voltage gaw, jaw da ai application voltage a matu ra ai cell ni n law ai hpe mung tsun mayu ai, design nkau mi hta yak hkak ai lam hte manu jahpu hpe shayawm ya ai.

Hpaga lam hta kungkyang ai lam

Shaning 30 ning tup hpaga yumga galaw ai lam gaw LCO galaw shapraw ai lam hpe laklai ai hkrak hkra gram lajang da sai. Production galaw ai lam ni gaw, application ra ai lam ni hta hkan nna, nanometers kaw nna micrometer du hkra galu kaba ai particle ni hpe ayan jaw lu ai. Ndai galaw shapraw ai hpaji gaw, n kaja ai lam ni hpe shayawm kau ai, grau kaja ai batch{3}} hpe n-gun n rawng ai, hte hpaw da ai garan gachyan ai lam ni de gale mat wa ai. Small-format LCO a matu jai lang ai electronics ni gaw shanhte a laksan jai lang ai lam a matu kungkyang dik htum ai hte manu jahpu n-gun ja dik ai hte manu jahpu n-gun ja dik htum ai battery hpaji langai mi hpe madi madun nga ai.

Lithium Cobalt Oxide

Hka hkin-gau hte seng ai lam ni

LCO battery ni gaw 130℃jan ai aten (sh) grai charge galaw ai aten hta thermal hprawng ai lam hpe hkam sha chye ai. Katsi ai shara ni hta, lithium cobalt oxide gaw n-gun yawm mat nna, oxygen hpe shapraw ya ai, dai gaw organic electrolyte hte hkum hkrang hku bai htang ai. Ndai bai htang ai lam gaw makau grup yin na cell ni de garan pru wa nna, wan hkru chye ai arung arai ni hpe wan shatu lu ai. LCO gaw nickel-rich chemistries nkau mi hta grau kaja ai nbung n-gun hpe madun ai raitim, lithium iron phosphate (sh) lithium titanate kaga ladat ni hta grau nna katsi ai-sensitive naw nga ai.

Safety circuit ni gaw LCO battery ni hpe 1C charge hte pru wa ai n-gun ni hta sha madung tawn ai. Ndai makawp maga ai lam ni gaw, n-gun yawm wa shangun lu ai nbung katsi ai lam hpe pat shingdang ya ai, raitim, battery a n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ai atsam hpe mung pat shingdang ya ai.

Limited Cycle Prat

Standard LCO battery ni gaw, 500-1,000 charge cycle ni hpe lu la nna, n-gun n-gun 80% de n hkrat shi yang, 500-1,000 charge cycle ni hpe lu la ai. Ndai asak hkrung lam gaw kaga lithium battery amyu myu hta n-gun n law ai: lithium iron phosphate battery ni gaw 2,000-5,000 hpe jaw ya ai, lithium titanate battery ni gaw 15,000 jan hpe lai di lu ai. Dai zawn n law htum kadun ai cycle prat gaw sung ai lithiation hte delithation aten hta byin pru wa ai structural galai shai ai lam ni kaw na pru wa ai. Asak kaba wa ai hte maren, kata na ninghkap ai lam law wa ai majaw, tsin-yam tsindam n byin shi yang pyi, battery hpe n mai lang hkra galaw ya lu ai.

Low Specific power

LCO gaw n-gun atsam hta grau kaja ai raitim, dai gaw n-gun n-gun hpe jaw ya ai. Hpa majaw nga yang, n-gun ja ai n-gun ni gaw, pack hpe grai katsi shangun nna, lawan ladan hkrat sum mat chye ai. Ndai shadawn sharam ai lam gaw LCO hpe n-gun n rawng ai hku jai lang ai lam ni hpe pat shingdang da ai. Power tools ni, wan jak mawdaw ni, hte kaga high{3}}drain application ni gaw, nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) shing nrai, lithium manganese oxide zawn re ai kaga chemistries ni hpe lang nna, n-gun kaba ai sumla ni hpe hkam sharang lu ai.

Cobalt Supply Chain Issues

Mungkan ting na lithium cobalt oxide gat lawk gaw 2024 ning hta $7.04 billion du wa nna, 2034 ning du hkra 6.37% CAGR hta rawt jat wa na masing ni rawt jat wa ai, raitim cobalt lu ai gaw yak hkak lam ni hpe shabyin ya nga ai. Democratic Republic of Congo mungdan hta cobalt galaw shapraw ai lam hta 70% jan gaw grup yin hte arawn alai hte seng ai myit tsang lam ni hpe shabyin ya ai. Cobalt manu ni gaw mung masa lam ni hpe madung tawn nna grai galai shai ai majaw, battery galaw ai ni a matu manu jahpu galai shai ai lam hpe shabyin ya ai.

Ndai supply chain hkrit tsang lam ni gaw cobalt-lawn (sh) shayawm kau ai- kaw na cathode chemistries ni hpe lawan ai hku sawk sagawn ai lam ni hpe lawan ladan galaw ya lu ai. Ya aten hta galaw shapraw ai ni law law gaw LCO hpe nickel hte manganese ni hte kayau kaya galaw nna, hkap la mai ai bungli galaw ai lam hpe matut manoi galaw nga ai.

Hkamja lam hpe jai lang ai ni a uphkang ai lam

LCO battery ni gaw 2024 ning du hkra 60% daram jai lang ai electronic battery ni hpe n-gun jaw ai lam, Mungkan N-gun Agency jahpan ni hta tsun da ai. Smartphone, laptop, tablet, digital camera, hte bu hpun mai ai jak ni gaw LCO hpaji masa hpe grai kam hpa nga ai. 2024 ning a shawng na mali ning laman hta, mungkan ting na hpun mai ai jak rung ni hpe wan 113.1 du hkra, 8.8% shaning- ai shaning jat wa ai, law malawng gaw LCO battery ni hpe lang ai.

2024 ning hta LCO market share hta 41.5% hpe jai lang nna, 2037 ning du hkra uphkang lu na matu myit mada da ai.Ndai matut manoi ra kadawn ai lam gaw LCO a n-gun atsam hpe kaja dik htum rap ra ai hku rap ra hkra galaw ya ai, form factor galai shai ai lam, htaw mai ai electronic ni a matu manu jahpu ni hpe madun dan ai. Mobile phone ni gaw LCO a n-gun kaba ai n-gun n-gun-} kaw na grau nna akyu hkam sha lu ai.

Tsi rung hte seng ai arung arai ni

LCO battery ni gaw, n-gun rawng ai tsi mawan ni hta, n-gun rawng ai tsi ni hta, n-gun rawng ai tsi ni hta, n-gun rawng ai tsi ni hta, n-gun rawng ai tsi ni hpe galaw ya ai. N-gun kaba ai n-gun, n-gun rawng ai n-gun, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun ni hpe kayau kaya lang ai gaw, ndai ahkyak ai jai lang lam ni a matu LCO hpe htuk manu shangun ai. Recharge cycle ni a lapran na aten galu ni gaw machyi masha a lit hpe shayawm ya nna, tau hkrau chye lu ai voltage platform gaw, n-gun n rawng ai jak ni hpe galaw ya ai.

Electric mawdaw hpe jai lang ai lam

LCO gaw moi na wan jak mawdaw ni hpe uphkang nga ai aten, galaw shapraw ai ni gaw law malawng gaw kaga lithium battery chemistries de galai mat wa ai. Lithium battery amyu myu hta, lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), lithium nickel cobalt (NCA), hte lithium titanate (LTO){2}}each gaw, n-gun atsam, shim lum lam, shim lum lam, hte manu jahpu lapran na laklai ai hpaga lam-offs ni hpe jaw ya ai. Tesla a shawng na Roadster gaw LCO- npawt nhpang cell ni hpe lang ai raitim, company hte kaga mawdaw galaw ai ni gaw NMC hte NCA chemistries ni de htawt sit nna, n-gun grau kaja ai, nbung n-gun hpe ngang grin hkra galaw ya ai, shingjawng ai lam ni hpe galaw ya ai. 2023 ning hta mungkan ting hta dut shabra ai wan jak mawdaw wan 14 gaw LCO n re ai sha, grau nna lang ai nickel{{9}rich cathode arung arai ni hpe lang ma ai.

LCO a n-gun kaji hte thermal sensitivity gaw, mawdaw jai lang ai lam ni hpe lawan ai- yawng a matu ra sharawng ai lam ni a matu n kaja ai hku galaw ya ai. EV battery ni gaw charge cycle wan law law hpe lai di nna, LCO a atsam hta grau ai grai katsi ai lam ni hta kam mai ai hku galaw ra ai.

Lithium Cobalt Oxide

High{0}}LCO hpaji ningnan ni hpe sharin ya ai

Hpaji sawk sagawn ai lam ni gaw LCO hpe 4.2V masat da ai shadawn shadang hta lai nna, bungli galaw ai voltage hpe shadut na matu madung tawn ai. 4.2V kaw nna 4.45V de charge voltage hpe jat wa ai gaw 140 mAh/g kaw nna 180 mAh/g{6}}a 28.6% rawt jat wa ai. 4.6V hta, atsam gaw 220 mAh/g de du wa nna, theoretical maximum de du wa ai.

Dai chyam dinglik lam gaw structural stability hta nga ai. 1C rate hta 4.6V kaw charge galaw ai shaloi, LCO gaw 100 lang ngut ai hpang 50% sha n-ga, 200 lang ngut ai hpang 20% sha tawn da ai. Lithium ions law law hpe grai law hkra shaw la ai gaw, n mai gram lajang lu ai phase galai shai ai lam ni hpe shabyin ya ai majaw, crystal structure hpe jahten kau ya ai. Engineering journal hta shapraw ai sawk sagawn ai lam langai hta, npu na nsam ni lawm ai galai shai ai ladat ni hpe sawk sagawn ai, lanthanum hte aluminum zawn re ai element ni hte doping galaw ai, hte hkang zing da ai particle morphology ni lawm ai, ngang grin ai{10}}voltage bungli hpe galaw lu ai.

Market Trajectory

Kaga chemistries ni kaw na shingjawng ai raitim, LCO a matu gat lawk sawk sagawn hpung law law gaw ngang kang ai rawt jat lam hpe masing jahkrat ma ai. Market manu jahpu ni gaw 2024 ning a matu $5.17 billion (Grand View Research) du hkra $7.04 billion (Marrket Research a htawm hpang) du hkra rai nna, 2030-2034 du hkra shaning shagu 9{6}}10% compound 9{6}10% daram myit hkrum da ai. Asia-Pacific ginra gaw galaw shapraw ai lam hte jai lang ai lam hpe uphkang nga ai, mungkan ting na gat lawk hta 50-60% daram nga ai.

Ndai rawt jat lam gaw, jai lang ai lam nnan ni de jat wa ai hta, jai lang ai electronic ni kaw nna ra kadawn ai lam hpe matut manoi madun dan nga ai. Hpa majaw nga yang, n-gun ja ai hpaji masa masa nga tim, LCO ra sharawng ai lam gaw, n-gun ja ai lam hpe hkan sa ai.

Bai jai lang ai lam hte ngang grin ai lam

Cobalt lung seng htu ai lam hte seng nna grup yin hte arawn alai hte seng ai myit tsang lam ni gaw battery hpe bai jai lang ai lam hpe grau nna myit maju jung wa sai. 2024 ning hta RSC Sustainability hta shapraw ai sawk sagawn ai lam ni gaw, NMC111 (nickel{{3} nhtawm, n-gun dat ai lam ni hpe n-gun jaw ai ladat ni hpe madun dan ai (nickel-cobalt) gaw, citric acid- kaw nna, n-gun jaw ai lam ni hte, sol-gel synthesis hku nna, jai lang ai arung arai ni hpe jai lang ai lam ni hpe madun dan ai. Ndai ladat ni gaw non{8}}}}toxic solvent ni hpe lang nna, hkrit tsang hpa shaw la ai lam ni hpe koi lu ai.

Kaja ai hku bai jai lang ai gaw, nhprang sut rai ni hpe shayawm ya lu ai sha n-ga, lung seng htu sha ai lam a grup yin hpe shayawm ya lu ai. Raitim, n-gun kaba ai mahkawng da ai lam hte galaw shapraw ai lam ni hpe gawgap ai lam gaw, grau nna, nhprang wan htung ni hta law law lang htum mat ai, jai lang ai ni a battery kaji ni a matu, ahkyak ai mayak mahkak langai mi naw rai nga ai.

LCO gaw hpaga yumga galaw ai hkai sun arung arai ni hta n-gun grau law ai n-gun atsam hpe jaw ya ai majaw, shara n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ai lam ni a matu grai kaja ai. Lithium iron phosphate hte shingdaw yu yang, LCO gaw grau tsaw ai voltage (3.7V vs{3}V) hte n-gun atsam n-gun grau law ai raitim, n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai hte n-gun n-rawng ai thermal shim lum lam hte shingjawng ai lam ni hpe jaw ya ai. NMC chemistries ni hte seng nna, LCO gaw grau loi ai raitim, n-gun yawm ai hte cobalt grau law ai.

Wan jak mawdaw ni hta, hka lim ai n-gun kaba ai, lawan ai hku charge galaw lu ai, galu kaba ai shingjawng ai lam a asak (2,{1}} cycle), nbung laru kaba ni hta bungli galaw lu ai cathode material ni ra ai. LCO a n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai, thermal sensitivity gaw 130℃jan ai, hte 500-1,000 cycle prat hpe hkam sha lu ai atsam gaw ndai ra sharawng ai lam ni hpe n-hkap la ai. NMC hte NCA chemistries ni gaw, mawdaw jai lang na matu ra ai n-gun atsam, n-gun atsam, ngang grin ai lam ni hpe grau nna rap ra hkra galaw ya ai.

Standard LCO battery ni gaw 500{{2}1,000 hpe lu la ai full charge- hpe n-gun n-jaw shi yang 80% hpe n-htum shi yang lu la ai. Teng sha asak galu ai lam gaw, jai lang ai ladat ni a daw mi sha, hka pru ai lam ni hta madung nga ai, aten law law hta sung ai hka pru ai lam ni hte nbung laru kaba ni gaw, hkrat sum ai lam hpe lawan ladan byin shangun ai. Shani shagu lang ai ni a matu, ndai gaw n mu lu ai bungli galaw ai lam yawm mat ai 2-3 ning daram na hkra rai nga ai.

Raitim, jai lang ai electronic ni a matu mahkawng da ai jahpan gaw n law ai raitim. LCO hta manu dan ai cobalt ni lawm ai majaw sut masa hku nna bai jai lang mai ai. Dai ni na aten na bai jai lang ai ladat ni gaw, hka htung arung arai ni hpe bai lu la na matu, hydrometallurgical (sh) hkrak bai gram lajang ai ladat ni hpe jai lang ai. Nkau sawk sagawn ai lam ni gaw, jai lang ai LCO hpe NMC zawn re ai kaga cathode chemistries ni de galai shai ai lam hpe madun dan ai, dai gaw, shawng nnan na htu shaw ai lam hpe shayawm ya ai sha n-ga, arung arai ni hpe jai lang ai lam hpe jat ya ai.

Lithium cobalt oxide a atsam, akyu, shadawn sharam ai lam ni hpe chye na ai gaw, battery grau nnan ai raitim, jai lang ai electronic ni hta matut nna uphkang ai lam hpe asan sha chye na shangun ai. Lithium battery ni a amyu myu a kata hta LFP gaw shimlam hpe ahkyak shatai nna, NMC gaw bungli galaw ai lam hpe shadawn shadang ni hpe shingdaw ya ai, LTO gaw grai galu kaba ai aten galu ai lam hpe jaw ya ai-}LCO gaw laklai ai volumetric energy density hte galaw shapraw ai atsam marai ni hku nna shi a niche hpe matut manoi galaw ya nga ai. Ndai arung arai ni a laksan n-gun atsam ni gaw, htaw sa mai ai arung arai ni a matu shi a ahkyak ai lam hpe madi shadaw ya ai, matut manoi sawk sagawn ai lam ni gaw, bungli galaw ai lam a lamu ga jarit hpe jat wa na matu, ngang grin ai lam ni hpe hparan ya nga ai. Battery hpaji rawt jat wa ai hte maren, LCO gaw electrochemical n-gun hpe shinggyin tawn ai hta lawm ai hpaga lam-offs hpe kasi madun ai lam hpe kasi madun ai rai nna, metric yawng hta langai sha re ai lithium battery chemistry gaw grau kaja ai, dai gaw battery lata ai lam a matu ra kadawn ai application{7}} hpe hkrak dik ai hku galaw ya ai.

sources

Market sawk sagawn ai lam a shawng lam - Lithium Cobalt Oxide gat lawk jahpan 2024

Grand View sawk sagawn ai lam - LCO Market Size Analysis 2024-2030

Nature Nanotechnology - N-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ai lam (2021)

Engineering Journal - High{1}} hpe n-gun jaw ai lam hte lawan ai- Kani ja ai LCO Cathodes (June 2024)

Mungkan ting na N-gun Agency - Wan mawdaw 2023-2024.

RSC Hkamja lam - NMC111 (2024 ning) hta gram lajang ai LCO hpe gram lajang ai.

Battery Dakkasu - Lithium a amyu bawsang-Mungkan na battery ni

Wikipedia - Lithium Cobalt Oxide (2025 ning July shata hta galaw ai)