Lithium Mangan Oxide ngu ai gaw hpa rai ta?

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) gaw LiMn2O4 ngu ai tsi mawan hpe lang ai cathode n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai. Dai hta, battery hpe charge galaw ai hte charge galaw ai aten hta, lithium-ion hpe atsawm sha shamu shamawt shangun ai, masum-dimensional spinel crystal hkrang hpe lang da ai.

LMO a masat masa galaw ai atsam gaw, shi a spinel crystal structure hta rai nga ai, dai hpe lamu ga hpung Fd3m npu hta garan tawn da ai. Ndai cubic lattice lajang da ai lam gaw oxygen atom ni hpe shara langai ngai hta tawn da nna, manganese hte lithium ion ni gaw octahedral hte tetrahedral shara ni hpe langai hte langai zing madu da ai. Three-dimensional framework gaw lithium ions ni lawt lu ai hku shamu shamawt lu na matu shada da matut mahkai ai lam ni hpe shabyin ya ai, dai gaw tatut galaw mai ai battery bungli galaw ai lam de hkrak sha ga gale ya ai.

Ndai htingnu gawgap ai ladat gaw, lahkawng-dimensional cathode arung arai ni hpe zingri zingrat nga ai manghkang hpe hparan ya ai. Ion ni hpe shadawn sharam sha nga ai planar lam hku hkawm sa na matu atik anang galaw na malai, spinel structure gaw dimension masum hku nna lam law law hpe jaw ya ai. Dai majaw, ion hpe lawan ai hku htawt sit lu ai, kata na ninghkap ai lam hpe shayawm ya lu ai, current hpe grau kaja hkra hparan lu ai atsam ni hpe lu la ai. Hpaji sawk sagawn ai lam ni gaw ndai hkrang gaw lawan ai charge-discharge cycle ni hta pyi shi a dinghpring ai lam hpe makawp maga ya ai majaw LMO hpe lawan ai power jaw ra ai application ni a matu grau nna htuk manu ai.

LMO hta lawm ai manganese gaw, kayau kaya ai valence masa hta nga ai, Mn3+ hte Mn4+ ions ni maren mara garan ginhka ai hku nna, octahedral shara ni hpe zing madu da ai. Ndai mixed oxidation masa gaw battery bungli galaw ai shaloi byin pru wa ai electrochemical n-gun atsam ni hta ahkyak ai shara hpe hkam la lu ai majaw, bai nhtang wa mai ai lithium hpe bang nna shaw la lu ai.

Hka pru wa ai aten hta, lithium ion ni gaw anode kaw nna electrolyte hku nna LMO cathode de htawt sit wa nna, dai shara kaw manganese oxide npawt nhpang kata na tetrahedral shara ni hpe zing la nga ai. Electron ni gaw shinggan circuit hku nna lwi hkawm nna, wan n-gun hpe shapraw ya ai. Charge galaw ai shaloi, ndai ladat gaw cathode kaw na -lithium ions ni hpe shaw la nna anode de bai nhtang wa shangun ai.

Voltage a arawn alai gaw LMO hpe kaga cathode chemistry ni hte garan ginhka ya ai. LMO battery ni gaw, 4.0V daram n-gun n-gun hte bungli galaw ai rai nna, lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) system ni hta loi mi grau ai. This higher voltage contributes to improved energy output per unit mass, though the overall energy density remains moderate compared to nickel-rich cathode materials.

LMO hta n-gun rawng ai lam gaw, lithium ions ni gaw, manganese-oxygen n-gun hpe grai n jahten kau ai sha, spinel n-gun rawng ai shara de bai nhtang shang wa nna, n-gun rawng ai hku nna pru wa ai ladat hku nna byin pru wa ai. Ndai structural stability gaw cycle jawn ai shaloi akyu nga ai hte shadawn sharam nga ai, dai hpe anhte gaw chyam dinglik lam ni ngu ai daw hta sawk sagawn na re.

LMO battery ni gaw aten kadun laman hta n-gun kaba shapraw ra ai application ni hta grau kaja ai. Power arung arai ni gaw, gat lawk kaba langai hpe madi shadaw ya ai, dai shara hta galaw shapraw ai ni gaw LMO a atsam hpe manu shadan nna, htu shaw ai, htu ai, hte shinggrup ai bungli ni a matu, n-gun law law hpe jaw ya lu ai atsam hpe manu shadan ma ai. Lawan ai hku n-gun dat dat lu ai atsam gaw, arung arai lang ai aten kadun laman, n-gun kaba ai-power shingra tara hte bung nga ai.

Mawdaw hpaga lam hta LMO hpe hybrid hte wan jak mawdaw ni hta jai lang ai, raitim, kaga cathode arung arai ni hte kayau kaya lang ai. Ga shadawn, Nissan Leaf hte Chevy Volt ni hta LMO-NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) hpe kayau kaya lang ai cathode ni hpe lang wa sai. Ndai hybrid ladat gaw LMO a n-gun kaba ai atsam hpe lawan ladan galaw na matu jai lang nna, NMC hpe kam hpa let galu kaba wa na matu jai lang ai. Kade nna ai aten na jahpan ni gaw, dai zawn re ai blended system ni hta 30% daram LMO lawm ai gaw, kaja dik ai bungli galaw ai lam hpe jaw ya ai hpe madun nga ai.

Tsi mawan ni gaw LMO a shimlam masa hte n-gun atsam atsam ningja ni kaw na akyu lu la ma ai. Surgery galaw ai jak ni, htaw mai ai defibrillator ni, infusion pump ni hta LMO battery ni hpe bang da ai, hpa majaw nga yang, nbung n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai majaw, grai sawng ai shara ni hta wan hkru wa na masa hpe shayawm ya lu ai. 2024 ning hta tsi tsi ai battery shimlam hpe sawk sagawn ai shaloi, tsi gawk ni hta LMO battery ni hte wan hkru ai lam ni hpe zero hku ka matsing da ai hpe mu lu ai, kaga lithium-ion chemistries ni hte garan ginhka ai mabyin ni hpe shingdaw yu yang.

Wan jak hte mawdaw ni gaw LMO hpaji hpe grau grau jai lang wa ai, grau nna Asia mungdan ni a gat lawk ni hta. Manu jahpu-akyu rawng ai lam hte n-gun rawng ai n-gun jaw ai lam hpe kahkyin gumdin ai gaw, bum lung na matu (sh) lawan ai hku lawan ai hku hkawm sa na matu kalang lang n-gun kaba -ra ai hkrun lam kadun ni hte ndai mawdaw ni a lang ai ladat ni hte htap htuk nga ai.

Ndai jai lang ai lam gaw lithium iron phosphate (LFP) kaw na shingjawng ai lam hpe hkrum sha nga ai raitim, bai gram lajang mai ai n-gun hpe shinggyin la lu ai ladat ni hta mung LMO hpe jai lang ai. Sweden mungdan na jan n-gun hkai sun masing langai hta 2025 ning hta 50 MWh sodium-manganese oxide battery (hpaji masa langai mi) hpe jai lang nna, manganese- hpe madung tawn nna n-gun hpe shinggyin tawn ai lam hta matut manoi hpaji ningnan ni hpe madun dan nga ai.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Manganese law law nga ai majaw LMO hpe sut masa hku nna myit lawm hpa byin shangun ai. Manganese gaw mungkan ga a npu hta law dik htum 12 ngu na hta lawm nna, cobalt (sh) nickel hta grau law ai. Ndai lu la mai ai lam gaw manu jahpu hpe ngang grin hkra galaw ya ai hte garan gachyan ai lam hta n-gun kya ai lam hpe shayawm ya ai. Ya aten na gat lawk jahpan ni hta LMO arung arai ni a manu gaw, n-gun n rawng ai arung arai ni a matu jai gumhpraw hpe jahpan galaw ai shaloi, nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) kaga ladat ni hta na 20% daram shayawm ai hpe mu lu ai.

Hkringmang daju gaw, cobalt-grau law ai chemistries ni hta LMO hpe grau ra sharawng ai. Manganese shaw la ai lam gaw, grup yin hpe hkra machyi ai lam n nga ai raitim, ginra nkau mi hta cobalt htu shaw ai lam hte seng ai arawn alai hte seng ai myit tsang lam law law hpe koi lu ai. Dai arai a non-toxic shingra tara gaw, galaw shapraw ai hte bai jai lang ai shaloi, hparan na matu loi ai. Battery hpe bai jai lang ai shara ni gaw, LMO hpe npawt nhpang tawn da ai metallurgical ladat ni hte galaw lu ai, battery nnan (sh) kaga hpaga lam hta bai jai lang na matu manganese hpe bai lu la mai ai.

Thermal stability gaw ahkyak ai shimlam akyu hpe madi madun ai. LMO cathode ni gaw thermal runaway hpe ninghkap lu ai-battery a n-gun lawan ai hku jat wa ai majaw wan hkru ai (sh) kapaw ai lam byin chye ai cascading hkrat sum ai masa hpe ninghkap lu ai. UL madang hte maren chyam dinglik ai shaloi, LMO gaw madang lithium-ion hkrang masa ni hte shingdaw yang 58% shayawm ai thermal runaway risk hpe madun dan ai. Spinel structure a shingra tara ngang grin ai lam gaw LMO gaw nbung katsi ai shara ni hta bungli galaw ai lam hpe matut manoi galaw lu ai, 60℃(140℃F) du hkra shim lum ai hku bungli galaw lu ai, grai hkra machyi ai lam n nga ai.

Lawan ai hku charge galaw lu ai atsam gaw, masum-ion lam ni kaw na pru wa ai re. LMO battery ni gaw 1C (hkying hkum mi hta charge hpring tup) hta jan ai charge hpe hkap la lu nna, bungli galaw ai lam hpe grai hkra machyi shangun ai lam n nga ai. Ndai gaw lawan ai hku charge galaw ai masa hta atsam sum mat ai cathode arung arai nkau mi hte shai nga ai.

Extended cycling galaw ai aten hta capacity yawm mat ai gaw LMO a ahkyak dik ai mayak mahkak hpe shabyin ya nga ai. LMO battery ni gaw, charge cycle 300-700 hpe n-gun n-jaw shi yang, n-gun 80% de hkrat sum mat ai-LFP battery ni lu la ai 1,500-3,000 cycle hta grau n law ai. Ndai shadawn sharam ai lam gaw, nbung katsi ai shara hta lawan ai hku byin pru wa ai, electrolyte de manganese lwi shang wa ai majaw byin pru wa ai re.

Dai hka lim ai lam hta Mn2+ ions ni gaw cathode hkrang kaw na garan pru wa ai, grau nna electrolyte hka lim ai kaw na byin pru wa ai hydrofluoric acid (HF) nga ai shara hta lawm ai. Ndai hka lim mat ai manganese ion ni gaw anode de htawt sit wa nna, dai shara kaw shanhte gaw n-gun ja ai electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer hpe shinggrup nna, pat shingdang kau ya ai. Aten na wa ai hte maren, ndai ladat gaw electrode lahkawng yan hpe hkra machyi shangun nna, battery a n-gun hte bungli galaw ai lam yawng hpe shayawm kau ya ai.

N-gun n-gun n law ai majaw, LMO a shingjawng lu ai atsam hpe grau law hkra shinggyin la lu ai atsam ra ai application ni hta pat shingdang da ai. LMO battery ni gaw 100-150 Wh/kg daram hpe lu la ai, NMC a matu 150-250 Wh/kg hte 250-300 Wh/kg hpe lu la ai. Wan jak mawdaw ni a matu, galu kaba ai shara hpe ahkyak shatai nna, ndai n-gun atsam garan ginhka ai lam gaw, charge langai hta mileage shayawm ai (sh) battery n-gun jat ai hku nna, maren mara hkawm sa lu na matu, hkrak sha ga gale wa ai.

Jahn-Teller effect gaw kaga hkrang masa langai mi hpe mung shabyin ya nga ai. 3V daram npu de jahkrat dat ai shaloi, Mn3+ ion ni gaw geometric n kaja ai lam hpe hkrum sha nna, cubic spinel hkrang hpe tetragonal symmetry de galai shai kau ya ai. Ndai phase galai shai ai lam gaw anisotropic volume galai shai ai lam ni hpe byin shangun ai-crystal gaw kaga shara ni hta grau nna maga mi de nkau mi de jat wa ai. Ndai galai shai ai lam hku nna bai kahtap nna cycle galaw ai gaw, jak rung n-gun hpe shabyin ya nna, atsam yawm mat ai hte hpang jahtum e structure hpe hkra machyi shangun ai.

Hpaji ninghkring ni gaw, n-gun shayawm ai ladat amyu myu hpe hkan sa wa sai. Aluminium oxide (Al2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), shing nrai, n-gun rawng ai carbon layers zawn re ai arung arai ni hpe lang nna ntsa maga de ka-up ai gaw, makawp maga ai shingnip hpe shabyin ya ai hku nna, manganese hka lim mat ai hpe pat shingdang lu ai. 2024 ning hta galaw ai sawk sagawn ai lam langai hta, Al2O3 coatings ni a atomic layer hpe n-gun dat dat ai gaw, cathode ntsa hte direct electrolyte n hkrum hkra ai hku nna, cycle prat hpe 500 kaw nna 1,200 du hkra jat ya lu ai hpe mu lu ai.

Doping ladat ni hta maigan n-gun kaji kajaw hpe spinel structure kata de galai bang ai ladat lawm ai. Aluminium, nickel, chromium zawn re ai n-gun ni hpe bang dat yang, n-gun n-gun hpe ngang grin hkra galaw ya lu nna, Jahn-Teller effect hpe shayawm ya lu ai. 2024 ning hta shapraw ai sawk sagawn ai lam hta, LiMn244yFy n-gun dat ni hta aluminum hte fluorine hpe lahkawng lang galai shai ai gaw, n-gun ja ai-hkum hkrang n-gun hpe grai shatsaw ya lu ai hpe mu lu ai.

Madung LiMn2O4 spinel hta lai nna, laksan galaw ra ai lam ni hpe hparan na matu, amyu myu pru wa sai. Lithium-law ai manganese oxide (LRMO) arung arai ni, Li194Mn24O4 shing nrai, Li2MnO3 n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai arung arai ni hte, 250 mAh/g hta jan nna jat wa ai atsam hpe jaw ya lu ai. Ndai arung arai ni gaw, lai wa sai shaning ni hta, sawk sagawn ai ni gaw, shanhte a shingra tara hta byin pru wa ai mayak mahkak ni hpe, voltage n-gun yawm mat ai hte, shawng nnan hta n-gun n rawng ai lam ni hpe tawt lai lu na matu shakut nga ai aten hta, grau nna myit lawm wa ai.

LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) zawn re ai n-gun kaba ai spinel amyu ni gaw 4.7V daram hta bungli galaw nna, 200 Wh/kg grup yin hta grau law ai n-gun n-gun hpe jaw ya ai. Toyota gaw 2024 ning hta LNMO cathodes hpe jai lang ai wan jak mawdaw langai hpe 2026 ning du hkra shapraw na masing hpe ndau da ai rai nna, 400 km tsan ai shara de du lu na matu yaw shada ai re. LNMO hte seng nna mayak gaw, n-gun ja ai voltage ni hta electrolyte a ngang grin ai lam hta rai nga ai, dai gaw cycle jawn ai shaloi, n-gun yawm mat nna, gas hpe shapraw ya ai. 2023 ning hta sawk sagawn ai ni galaw shapraw ai fluorinated electrolyte langai gaw, gas byin pru wa ai hpe 90% shayawm ya nna, ndai shadawn sharam ai lam hpe hparan ya lu ai.

Composite cathode htingnu ni gaw LMO hpe kaga arung arai ni hte kayau kaya galaw nna bungli galaw ai lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw lu ai. CATL a M3P battery gaw manganese-law ai n-gun dat ni hpe phosphate-madung ai chemistry hte kayau kaya galaw nna, shingjawng ai atsam hpe matut manoi hkam la lu ai sha n-ga, madang dep ai NMC battery ni hta manu 15% shayawm lu ai. Ndai blended ladat ni gaw, langai sha-chemistry hparan ladat ni hta grau nna, laksan jai lang ai lam ni a matu laksan galaw da ai cathode n-gun ni hpe galaw ai hpaga lam a masa hpe madi madun nga ai.

Layered manganese oxide hkrang ni gaw, spinels ni hta n law ai raitim, n bung ai bungli galaw ai atsam ni hpe jaw ya ai. 2024 ning hta Li-birnessite ngu ai n-gun n rawng ai lithium manganese oxide hpe sawk sagawn ai shaloi, n ra sharawng ai daw galai shai ai lam ni hpe pat shingdang ai hku nna, theoretical atsam hte ni htep ai nhtang wa mai ai shingjawng ai lam hpe madun dan ai. Ndai sawk sagawn ai lam gaw, atomic scale hta sadi maja let structural engineering galaw ai gaw, htunghking LMO a shadawn sharam ai lam ni hpe lai di lu na hpe tsun shadut ya nga ai.

Sut masa lam a matu LMO galaw shapraw ai hta, n-gun ja ai-state synthesis hpe jai lang ai, dai hta, n-gun ja ai n-gun (Li2CO3) shing nrai, n-gun ja ai n-gun (LiOH) gaw, n-gun ja ai n-gun (700-900 degree) hta, n-gun ja ai hka n-gun (Li2CO3) hte n-gun ja ai n-gun dat ni hpe n-gun dat ai. Calcination galaw ai lam gaw spinel structure hpe shabyin ya nna, particle a kaba ai hte hkrang hpe nbung katsi ai, aten, hte precursor lata ai hku nna hkang lu ai.

Hpaga lam hta rawt jat wa ai gaw, manu jahpu hpe shayawm na matu hte arung arai ni hpe grau kaja hkra galaw na matu yaw shada ai. 2024 ning hta galaw ai sawk sagawn ai lam langai hta, n-gun ja ai manganese dioxide (EMD) hta grau nna, manganese nlung kaw nna hpang nna, hkum tsup ai garan ginhka ai lam hpe gyin shalat wa sai. Ndai direct-from{4}}ore ladat hpe jai lang nna, acid hpe hka lim ai hpang, nbung n-gun hte n-gun rawng ai n-gun hpe jai lang nna, 96.1% manganese hpe shaw la lu ai atsam hpe lu la ai shaloi, LMO hpe mung, n-gun rawng ai arung arai ni hte shingdaw mai ai electrochemical atsam rawng ai hku shapraw lu ai.

Solution- hpe madung tawn ai hydrothermal (sh) sol{1}}gel ladat zawn re ai n-gun dat ladat ni gaw, n-gun dat ni a galu kaba ai lam hte hkrang masa hpe grau kaja hkra hkang lu ai. Ndai ladat ni gaw, npu lamu ga law ai nanoscale LMO particles ni hpe shapraw lu nna, rate galaw ai lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw lu ai. Raitim, hparan ladat ni gaw, sut masa galaw shapraw na matu solid-state synthesis hta grau nna manu grau law nna, scale n law ai.

Synthesis galaw ai aten (sh) galaw ngut ai hpang lang ai ntsa lam galai shai ai ladat ni gaw LMO a bungli hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ya lu ai. Chemical nbung n-gun, atomic layer n-gun (sh) wet chemical ladat ni hpe lang nna coating galaw ai shaloi, manganese n-gun shayawm ya ai makawp maga layer ni hpe lang ai. Dai coating a galu kaba ai lam gaw, 5-20 nanometers rai nna, ion htaw sa ai lam hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam hpe rap ra hkra makawp maga ra ai-grau galu ai coating ni gaw grau kaja ai makawp maga lam jaw ai raitim, lithium-ion shamu shamawt ai lam hpe shayawm ya lu ai.

Mungkan ting na LMO cathode gat lawk gaw 2024 ning hta $2.31 billion du wa sai rai nna, 2033 ning du wa ai shaloi $4.29 billion de rawt jat wa na hpe sawn la ai rai nna, shaning shagu 7.1% rawt jat wa na re. Ndai jat wa ai lam gaw, lithium battery ra kadawn ai lam yawng hpe jat wa ai hte, LMO a application nkau mi hta, laksan akyu ni hpe madun dan ai.

Ginra masa ni gaw Asia Pacific gaw 54% daram gat lawk garan gachyan ai (2024 ning hta $1.25 billion) hte uphkang nga ai hpe madun nga ai. Miwa, Japan, Dingda Korea ni gaw battery galaw shapraw ai mungdan kaba ni hpe hkap tau la nna, galaw shapraw ai lam hte ra kadawn ai lam lahkawng yan hpe woi awn nga ai. Ndai mungdan ni hta wan jak mawdaw ni hte bai gram lajang mai ai n-gun atsam ni hpe shinggyin tawn na matu asuya kaw nna n-gun jaw ai lam ni gaw LMO hpe hkap la ai lam hpe hkrak sha akyu jaw nga ai. Dingdung America hte Europe mungdan ni yawng pawng nna, gat lawk hta 45% daram nga ai, rawt jat lam gaw mawdaw wan n-gun hte n-gun shinggyin ai bungli masing ni a majaw rai nga ai.

Kaga cathode chemistries ni kaw na shingjawng ai lam gaw LMO a gat lawk shara hpe hkrang shapraw ya ai. Lithium iron phosphate gaw, grau nna Miwa mung hta, grau kaja ai cycle prat hte shim lum ai atsam marai ni a majaw, ahkyak ai shara lu la sai. LFP galaw shapraw ai lam law wa ai hte maren LMO hte LFP lapran na manu garan ginhka ai lam gaw yawm mat wa sai. Raitim, LMO gaw, laksan n-gun hte n-gun atsam hta akyu ni hpe matut manoi tawn da nna, n-gun kaba ai-n-gun jai lang ai lam ni hta shi a shara hpe makawp maga da ai.

Policy rawt jat lam ni gaw LMO hpe hkap la ai lam hpe shadut ya ai. European Union a 2027 Battery Regulation hta, ngang grin lam hpe ra sharawng ai lam ni hte, arung arai ni hpe hkan tam lu na matu, tara ni hpe masat da ai. Ndai tara ni gaw grup yin hte arawn alai hte seng nna myit tsang ai lam n law ai majaw, cobalt-n-gun ja ai kaga ladat ni hta manganese- hpe madung tawn ai tsi ni hpe grau ra sharawng na masa nga ai. Nkau mi a tang shawn ai lam ni hta, cobalt n-gun hta jat bang ai lam lawm ai, dai hpe galaw sa wa yang, gat lawk nkau mi hta LMO hpe NMC hta 20% manu n-htuk hkra galaw ya lu ai.

Hpaji sawk sagawn gumhpraw jaw ai gaw manganese- hpe madung tawn ai battery ni hpe matut nna myit lawm ai lam hpe madun nga ai. US N-gun Hkringmang Dap gaw 2024-2027 laman hta manganese- hpe madung tawn ai battery sawk sagawn ai lam hte galaw shapraw na matu $2 billion hpe garan jaw da ai rai nna, manu jahpu n-gun hpe n-gun n-htum hkra galaw ai sha n-ga, n-gun n-gun n-gun hte cycle prat hpe grau kaja hkra galaw na matu madung tawn ai. Ndai sut masa masat kumla gaw, cobalt zawn re ai ahkyak ai lung seng ni kaw na tsan gang hkra, battery garan gachyan ai lam ni hpe amyu myu hku galaw ai hta manganese a lit hpe asuya hku nna masat masa galaw ai lam hpe tsun mayu ai.

Solid-state battery hpe hpawng de ai gaw LMO hpaji masa a matu byin mai ai rawt jat lam hpe madi madun nga ai. Solid electrolytes ni gaw manganese hpe hka lim kau ya ai ntsin electrolyte hpe yeng seng kau ya nna, LMO a shawng nnan na hkrat sum ai lam hpe hparan ya lu ai. QuantumScape a 2024 ning na LMO hpe ceramic wan n-gun hte hpaw nna 1C rate hta 500 lang shingjawng ai lam hpe lu la ai, raitim, n-gun n-gun cell ni hta n-gun n-gun n-gun gaw htam masum grau law ai hku naw nga ai. Toyota a solid-state prototype gaw Li3PS4 electrolyte hte LiMn2O4 cathode hpe lang nna 300 Wh/kg n-gun n-gun hpe madun dan ai, LMO a shimlam akyu ni hpe n-gun jaw ai sha NMC a bungli galaw ai madang ni de sit sa wa ai.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

LMO hpe chye na na matu, grau dam lada ai lithium battery shingra tara kata na context ra nga ai. Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) gaw n-gun grau law ai (140-180 Wh/kg) hpe jaw ya ai raitim, n-gun n kaja ai hte manu kaba ai majaw tsin-yam tsindam hkrum nga ai. LCO gaw manu (sh) asak galu ai hta grau ahkyak ai portable electronics ni hpe uphkang nga ai, raitim shimlam a matu myit tsang ai majaw grau kaba ai format application ni hta jai lang na matu pat shingdang da ai.

Lithium magri phosphate (LFP) gaw laklai ai shingra tara prat (2,000-5,000 shingra tara) hte grau kaja ai shim lum lam hpe jaw ya ai, n-gun n law ai (3.2V nominal) hta bungli galaw ai. LFP a n-gun n-gun (90-120 Wh/kg) gaw LMO a lawu de hkrat sum mat ai, raitim shi a asak galu ai majaw, chyahkring hkring galai shai ai manu gaw shawng nnan mari ai manu hta grau ai application ni a matu sut masa lam hta akyu rawng ai. Miwa mungdan a wan jak mawdaw gat lawk gaw, standard-range mawdaw ni a matu LFP hpe grau grau ra sharawng wa ai, LMO-NMC blends ni gaw, bungli galaw ai lam hpe ahkyak shatai ai gat lawk ni hta naw nga ai.

Nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) battery ni gaw ya aten na hpaga lam hta jai lang mai ai n-gun grau law ai (150-250 Wh/kg) hpe jaw ya ai majaw, tsan ai shara de hkawm sa lu ai wan jak mawdaw ni a matu grau ra sharawng ai. Raitim, NMC gaw nickel hte cobalt lawm ai majaw manu grau law ai, thermal stability hpe myit tsang ai majaw, grai kungkyang ai battery hparan ladat ni ra nga ai. LMO a n-gun jaw ai lam gaw NMC hpe kadun ai hku gap ai hta grau nna, lawan ai hku lawan ladan galaw ra ai hybrid application ni a matu n-gun jaw ai.

Lithium titanate (LTO) battery ni gaw kaga cathode hpe n lang ai sha, galai shai ai anode hpe lang ai raitim, shingdaw ai lam gaw sharin achyin ya lu ai. LTO gaw grai galu kaba ai (10,000+ cycle) hte shim lum ai raitim grai n-gun n law ai (50-80 Wh/kg) hta jaw ya ai. LTO anodes hte LMO cathodes ni hpe kayau kaya galaw ai gaw, lawan ai hku charge galaw ai bus system zawn re ai, laksan jai lang ai lam ni a matu kaja dik htum ai battery ni hpe galaw ya ai, chemistry pairing gaw niche ra kadawn ai lam ni hpe gara hku madung tawn lu ai hpe madun dan ai.

LMO hpaji ningnan a lawan ai lam gaw, sawk sagawn ai ni aten na na shadawn sharam ai lam ni hpe hparan ai majaw, lai wa sai shaning ni hta grau lawan wa ai. 2024 ning hta American Chemical Society a Journal hta sawk sagawn ai hta, hkang zing da ai hkrang masa n kaja ai lam lawm ai layered lithium manganese oxide hpe tsun dan ai rai nna, dai gaw theoretical atsam makau kaw bai nhtang wa lu ai shingjawng ai lam hpe lu la ai. Ndai sawk sagawn ai ni gaw ion galai shai ai lam hte hka n-gun yawm ai lam hpe hkang lu ai ladat hpe jai lang nna, manganese htawt sit ai lam hte hka lim ai lam hpe pat shingdang ya ai metastable Li-birnessite hkrang hpe galaw shapraw ma ai.

Surface hpe galai shai ai ladat ni matut nna rawt jat wa nga ai. 2024 ning hta sawk sagawn ai ni gaw LMO n-gun ni hpe graphene hte shinggrup da ai gaw, atsam hpe 15% jat ya ai sha n-ga, cycle prat hpe mung galu shangun ai hpe madun dan sai. Dai n-gun rawng ai graphene layer gaw, cycle jawn ai shaloi volume galai shai ai lam hpe hkap la lu ai sha n-ga, wan n-gun hpe mung n-gun jaw ya lu ai hte manganese hka lim mat ai kaw na makawp maga ya lu ai. Ndai ladat gaw cathode arung arai ni a nanoscale engineering de grau dam lada ai masa hpe madi madun nga ai.

Concentration gradient hkrang masa ni gaw myit mada shara nga ai lam langai hku nna pru wa ai. Particle langai hte langai hta langai sha re ai n-gun n rawng ai sha, ndai arung arai ni gaw core kaw nna surface du hkra n bung ai n-gun rawng ai. Dai zawn, loi loi hte galai shai wa ai gaw, asan sha coated galaw da ai structure ni hta n-gun n rawng ai lam byin shangun ai interface n htap htuk ai lam hpe yeng seng kau ya ai. Ndai ladat hpe jai lang nna, n-gun kaba ai voltage ni hta ngang grin ai lam grau kaja wa ai hpe sawk sagawn hpung law law tsun dan ma ai, raitim, hpaga lam hta jai lang ai lam gaw naw shadawn sharam sha rai nga ai.

Machine sharin hkam la ai application ni gaw LMO hpe shingdaw nna galaw ai lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw hpang wa sai. Hpaji ninghkring ni gaw, htunghking hku nna arung arai ni hpe galaw shapraw na matu ra ai chyam dinglik-and-shut ai lam hpe shayawm ya ai, npawt nhpang ngang grin ai lam hpe jat ya ai dopant hpawng de ai lam ni hpe tau hkrau tsun na matu, computational model ni hpe lang ma ai. 2024 ning na sawk sagawn ai lam langai hta, n-gun ja ai-hkum hkrang n-gun atsam a matu kaja dik htum aluminum-nickel co-doping ratio ni hpe awng dang ai hku tau hkrau tsun da ai, dai hpe hpang na chyam dinglik ai lam ni gaw madi madun wa ai.

LMO a grup yin masa gaw akyu ara hte mayak mahkak lahkawng yan hpe madun dan nga ai. Manganese hpe shaw la na matu cobalt (sh) nickel hta grau nna n-gun-n law ai hku galaw ra ai, dai element law law nga ai majaw, n-gun rawng ai lung seng hkum hkrang ni a ntsa na n-gun hpe shayawm ya lu ai. Raitim, manganese htu shaw ai lam gaw, lamu ga hpe jahten sharun ai, hka hpe jai lang ai, n kaja ai hku n hkang zing yang, awu asin byin wa chye ai hku nna grup yin hpe hkra machyi shangun nga ai.

Lithium battery chemistries amyu myu hpe shingdaw nna, prat hkrun lam hpe jep joi ai lam ni hta, LMO gaw carbon footprint hta kaja ai hku galaw lu ai hpe mu lu ai, hpa majaw nga yang, galaw shapraw ra ai lam n law ai hte cobalt hpe yeng seng kau ai majaw re. 2023 ning hta galaw ai hkum tsup ai sawk sagawn ai lam hta LMO battery ni gaw, NMC hte maren sha re ai battery ni hte shingdaw yang, galaw shapraw ai aten hta 15-20% daram shayawm ai greenhouse gas hpe shapraw ai hpe sawn la ai.

LMO a matu bai jai lang ai arung arai ni gaw grau dam lada ai lithium battery bai jai lang ai ladat ni kata kaw nga ai. Hka hte galaw ai ladat ni gaw manganese, lithium hte kaga nhprang dat ni hpe grai kaja ai hku bai lu la mai ai. Raitim, cobalt (sh) nickel hte shingdaw yang, bai lu la ai manganese a manu gaw nau n law ai majaw, bai jai lang na matu sut masa n-gun jaw ai lam ni hpe shayawm kau ya ai. Uropa mungdan ni hta galaw nga ai zawn re ai battery ni hpe bai jai lang na matu policy mandates ni gaw, san seng ai sut masa hpe n sawn ai sha LMO hpe bai jai lang ai lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ya na zawn rai nga ai.

Lahkawng ngu na-asak hkrung lam hpe jai lang ai lam gaw kaga ngang grin lam langai mi hpe jaw ya ai. Mawdaw lang ai hta lai nna hkrat sum mat ai LMO battery ni gaw, mawdaw ni hta grau nna n-gun hte n-gun n-gun n law ai shara hta, n shamu n shamawt ai sha n-gun hpe shinggyin tawn na matu ra ai atsam hpe law law lang hkam la lu ai. Pilot program law law gaw, LMO cathodes lawm ai, n-gun n rawng sai wan jak mawdaw battery ni hpe jan a n-gun hpe shinggyin la na matu bai jai lang nna, akyu rawng ai aten yawng hpe galu shangun ai hte grup yin hpe hkra machyi ai lam yawng hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ya ai.

LMO battery ni hpe kaga lithium-ion amyu ni hta grau shim lum shangun ai gaw hpa rai ta?

LMO a spinel crystal structure gaw nbung hprawng ai hpe ninghkap lu ai nbung n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ya ai. Manganese oxide cathodes ni gaw cobalt- hpe madung tawn ai kaga ladat ni hta grau nna nbung katsi ai shara ni hta ngang grin nga ai, grai n-gun ja ai cobalt n nga ai gaw exothermic hten za na masa hpe shayawm ya lu ai. Chyam dinglik ai lam hta LMO battery ni hta UL shimlam madang hku nna 58% shayawm ai thermal runaway risk nga ai hpe mu lu ai.

Hpa majaw LMO battery ni gaw LFP battery ni hta asak kadun ai kun?

Manganese gaw electrolyte kata de lwi shang wa ai majaw LMO battery ni hta rawt jat galu kaba wa ai atsam yawm mat wa ai. Mn2+ ions ni gaw cathode structure kaw na pru mat wa nna, grau nna nbung katsi ai shara ni hta, anode de htawt sit mat nna, dai kaw electrode a bungli hpe pat shingdang kau ya ai. LFP battery ni gaw ndai ladat hpe koi gam ai, hpa majaw nga yang, magri phosphate gaw grau ngang grin ai hkrang hpe shabyin ya nna, dai hte bung ai masa hta n htum mat ai.

LMO battery ni hpe grai katsi ai shara ni hta lang mai ai kun?

LMO battery ni gaw kaga ladat law law hta grau nna nbung katsi ai hpe hkam sharang lu nna, 60℃(140℃F) du hkra shim lum ai hku bungli galaw lu ai. Katsi ai nbung laru hta galaw lu ai atsam gaw grau yak hkak ai hpe sakse madun nga ai-lithium-ion battery yawng zawn, LMO gaw 0℃npu hta n-gun yawm mat nna, kata na ninghkap ai lam law wa ai hpe hkrum sha nga ai. Katsi ai shara kaw na voltage hkrat sum ai lam gaw kaga chemistries ni zawn LMO hpe mung hkra machyi shangun ai.

LMO gaw wan jak mawdaw ni a matu LFP hte gara hku shingdaw ai kun?

LMO gaw grau tsaw ai voltage (4.0V vs 3.2V) hte lawan ai hku galaw na matu grau kaja ai n-gun jaw ai lam hpe jaw ya ai, raitim, cycle prat hpe shayawm ya ai hte n-gun atsam hpe loi mi shayawm ya ai. LFP gaw standard-range mawdaw ni a matu asak galu ai lam hte manu jahpu hta grau kaja ai, LMO-NMC blends gaw lawan ai hku n-gun jaw ra ai performance-madung mawdaw ni a matu kaja ai hku bungli galaw ai. Market masa ni gaw, langai gaw kaga langai a shara hta n rai, mawdaw segment amyu myu a matu chemistries lahkawng yan rau nga nga ai hpe madun nga ai.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Ndai laika a matu sawk sagawn ai lam gaw, American Tsi Hpaji Hpung a Journal hta lawm ai manang ni -bai maram yu ai laika buk ni, Battery & Supercaps, hte N-gun Hkringmang Dap ni lawm ai ahkaw ahkang lu ai npawt nhpang law law kaw na sawk sagawn ai lam rai nga ai. DataIntelo hte Fortune Business Insights ni lawm ai hpaga lam sawk sagawn ai company ni kaw na gat lawk jahpan ni hpe lu la ai. Hpaji masa hku nna, NEI Corporation, Sigma-Aldrich, hte CATL ni lawm ai battery galaw ai ni kaw na arung arai ni hpe lakap nna ka da ai. Hkamja lam chyam dinglik ai jahpan ni hpe UL madang kaw na lu la nna, Mungdan Lam Hkrun Lam Hkamja Lam Hkringmang Dap (NHTSA) kaw nna shapraw ai shimlam jep joi ai lam ni hpe galaw ai.