Dendrite Formation gaw hpa rai ta?- Polinovel

Dendrite byin pru wa ai lam gaw, battery hte kaga system ni hta electrochemical process ni hta byin pru wa ai hpun- zawn re ai crystalline structure ni a rawt jat galu kaba wa ai lam hpe tsun dan ai. Ndai n-gang htu ai (sh) branching metal n-gun ni gaw, ions ni gaw charge galaw ai hte garan kachyan ai aten hta electrode ntsa ni hta n bung ai hku hpawng nga ai shaloi byin pru wa ai.

Ndai mabyin gaw battery chemistries amyu myu hta byin ai raitim, 1990 ning hta grau sawng ai mayak mahkak ni hpe shabyin ya ai.lithium mare na battery ni, dendrites ni gaw garan ginhka ai ni hpe htu nna, kata na short circuit ni hpe shabyin ya lu ai. Ndai hkrang masa ni hpa majaw, gara hku rawt jat wa ai hpe chye na ai gaw, n-gun atsam hpe shinggyin tawn da ai ladat ni grau tsaw ai atsam marai ni hte grau lawan ai hku charge galaw ai lam de shadut ai majaw, grai ahkyak wa sai.

Denmodynamic hte kinetic lam lahkawng yan hku nna uphkang ai electrodeposition ladat hku nna dendrites ni byin pru wa ai. Battery langai mi charge galaw ai shaloi, metal ions ni gaw electrolyte hku nna anode de htawt sit wa ai. Kaja dik ai masa hta, ndai ions ni gaw electrode ntsa kaw nna langai sha re ai hku bang na re. Raitim, lam law law gaw ndai uniform deposition hpe hkra machyi shangun ai.

Surface n tara ai lam ni gaw, buga ginra hta nga ai wan n-gun hpe shabyin ya ai. Ndai jat wa ai field ni gaw, shanhte hpe maren mara garan jaw na malai, shara langai ngai hpe grau nna hkap la ai. Kachyi mi pru wa ai shaloi, shi hkum nan a n-gun grau ja ai wan n-gun ni hpe n-gun ja ai wan n-gun ni hpe hkam sha lu ai, dai maga de grau nna rawt jat galu kaba wa ai hpe lawan ladan byin shangun ai.

Dai lam gaw grau tsaw ai current densities ni hta grau sawng wa ai. Maryland Dakkasu kaw na sawk sagawn ai lam ni hta, 87 mA/cm2 jan ai ya aten na n-gun n-gun ni hta, dendrite morphology gaw flat mossy structures kaw nna, n-gun ja ai shinglet n-gun- zawn re ai n-gun ni de galai mat wa ai hpe mu lu ai. Dai aten gaw, n-gun jat wa ai hte maren, 10 mA/cm2 hta hkying hkum law law kaw nna 110 mA/cm2 hta minit 30 daram de hkrat sum mat ai.

Dendrite byin pru wa ai hta nbung laru gaw lahkawng lang lit nga ai. N-gun n law ai majaw, n-gun yawm ai majaw, electrode ntsa makau na n-gun n-gun ni hpe shabyin ya ai. Ndai lam gaw ions ni hpe nucleation site nnan ni hpe tam ai hta grau nna, nga taw sai pru hkawm ai lam ni hta bang na matu loi ai. Dai hte maren, n-gun n law ai shara ni hta byin pru wa ai solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer gaw grau n-gun ja nna n-gun n rawng ai, n bung ai n-gun n-gun ni hpe shabyin ya ai.

Dendrite Formation

Lithium battery ni gaw lithium a n-gun kaba ai hte electrochemical n-gun n law ai majaw laklai ai dendrite mayak mahkak ni hpe hkrum sha nga ai. Lithium ions ni gaw charge galaw ai shaloi anode ntsa de plate ntsa de plate galaw ai shaloi, shanhte gaw graphite structure de grai htuk manu hkra galaw ra ai. De a malai, n-gun grau law ai ions ni gaw, n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai sha, n-gup n-gu hpe n-gun n-rawng ai hku shinggyin la lu ai.

SEI layer gaw ndai lam hpe grai shadut ya ai. Ndai makawp maga ai lam gaw, electrolyte gaw lithium anode hte n-gun rawng ai shaloi, shingra tara hku byin pru wa ai. A uniform, dense SEI gaw lithium hpe pyi madun ai. Raitim, SEI gaw, electrode hta volume galai shai ai majaw, charge{3}}}discharge cycle ni hpe matut manoi daw garan nna gram lajang ai lam ni hpe galaw nga ai. Dai daw langai hpra gaw, dendrite nucleation byin mai ai shara byin wa ai.

2024 ning hta Nature Materials ni hta shapraw ai sawk sagawn ai lam ni hta, Li₇La₃ Zr₁O₂ (LLZO) electrolytes ni hpe lang nna, solid{1}} mungdaw lithium battery ni hta, n bung ai ladat lahkawng hpe mu lu ai. Shawng nnan na ladat gaw, electrode{4}}}}}}} ai lata san ai lam ni hta non{3}}uniform lithium hpe n-gun jaw ai lam ni lawm ai. Lahkawng ngu na gaw, n-gun ja ai electrolyte kata kaw na mam lamu ga jarit ni hta buga na Li⁺ shayawm ai hku nna byin pru wa ai. Ndai daw lahkawng a lapran, sawk sagawn ai ni gaw, n-gup n-gu n-gun jat wa ai aten hpe n-gun n-jaw shi yang, n-gup n-gu n-gun jat wa ai aten hpe mu mada ma ai.

Initiation galaw ai lam gaw, ndau shabra ai lam hte shai ai. Oxford Dakkasu kaw na sawk sagawn ai lam ni gaw, solid{1}} mungdaw a battery ni hta dendrite hpe hpaw hpang ai lam hpe madun dan ai, lithium gaw microcracks ni hpe matut mahkai ai hku nna, npu na npu de bang ai aten kaw nna hpang wa ai. Ndai pores ni hpring wa ai hte maren, matut manoi charge galaw ai gaw, npu de n-gun n law ai sha, n-gun hpe jat wa shangun ai. Ndai pressure gaw hpang jahtum e n-gun yawm mat ai. N-gun n-gun ni byin wa ai shaloi, n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ai lam byin wa ai.

Ya aten na density threshold ni gaw electrolyte amyu hte n bung ai. Standard liquid electrolytes ni gaw 0.2-2.0 mA/cm2 hta jan ai dendrite byin pru wa ai lam hpe madun dan ai, n-gun ja ai electrolytes ni gaw n hkrat shi yang grau tsaw ai current densities hpe hkam sharang lu ai. Oxford Dakkasu kaw sawk sagawn ai lam hta, 83% kaw nna 99% relative density de 2 mA/cm2 kaw nna 9 mA/cm2 npu kaw nna 9 mA/cm2 npu kaw nna density hpe n-gun n rawng ai hku n-gun jat shangun ai hpe n-gun rawng ai argyrodite (Li₆PS₅ Cl) n-gun ja ai electrolyte hpe jat ya ai hpe mu lu ai.

Dendrites ni gaw, hkrat sum ai lam law law hku nna, battery ni hpe hkalem kau ai. Dai hta grau nna tsin-yam tsindam byin wa ai gaw, dendrite langai mi gaw garan ginhka ai wa hku nna tsep kawp kaba wa nna, anode hte cathode lapran na conductive bridge hpe shabyin ya ai. Ndai kata na short circuit gaw, wan hkru ai lam (sh) bawm kapaw ai lam ni hpe byin shangun lu ai, thermal hprawng ai lam-a self{3}}a hpe shabyin ya lu ai.

Hkrit tsang hpa n byin shi yang, dendrites ni gaw bungli galaw ai lam hpe grau nna n kaja hkra galaw kau ai. Dendrite langai hpra gaw electrolyte hpe n-gun n-gun (reactive lithium) hpe hpaw shadan dan ai. Ndai gaw matut manoi SEI byin pru wa ai, active lithium hte electrolyte lahkawng yan hpe sha ai. Dai majaw, ndai parasitic reaction gaw, lu ai atsam hpe shayawm ya nna, kata na ninghkap ai lam hpe jat ya ai.

Dendrites ni mung "si mat sai" n-gun rawng ai"{0}} lata la ai hku garan tawn da ai metallic n-gun ni hpe shabyin ya ai rai nna, dai ni gaw electrochemical reaction ni hta n shang lawm mat sai. Dendrites ni gaw jak rung n-gun (sh) electrolyte n-gun yawm ai majaw daw mat ai shaloi, ndai n shamu shamawt ai daw ni hpe tawn da ma ai. Si mat ai lithium gaw, shinggyim masha ni a shingra tara cycling hku nna n mai bai lu la ai majaw, prat tup na matu n-gun yawm mat ai hpe madi madun ai.

Lithium plating hte stripping hte seng ai volume galai shai ai lam ni gaw ndai manghkang ni hpe grau sawng shangun ai. Lithium metal gaw shi a metallic hte ionic masa ni a lapran 100% n-gun galai shai ai lam hpe hkam sha nga ai. Ndai jat wa ai lam hte n-gun yawm ai lam gaw SEI layer hpe grai myit ru shangun nna, garan ginhka ai wa hpe hkum hkrang hkra machyi shangun ai majaw, dendrite shang na matu lam ni hpe jat bang ya lu ai.

N makawp maga ai lithium metal cell ni hta n-gun n-gun yawm ai lam gaw, dendrites ni active byin wa ai shaloi, cycle langai hta 1{2}}2% du lu ai. Ndai gaw well{3}}}}}}}}mung (Lithium-ion cells ni hte grai shai ai, dai gaw 0.1% sha n-gun yawm mat ai (sh) dai hta n-ga, graphite anode ni hpe lang ai.

Ya aten na density gaw dendrite byin pru wa ai lam hpe hkang ai lam hku nna pru wa ai. Charging currents grau law ai gaw aten n law ai aten hta ion law law hpe bang na matu shadut ya ai majaw, electrode a shanhte hpe langai sha re ai hku hkap la lu ai atsam hpe n-gun shayawm kau ya ai. Dai matut mahkai lam gaw linear{-the gaw lawu na ahkyak ai npawt nhpang langai mi nga ai zawn rai nga ai, dai gaw dendrite rawt jat lam n law htum naw nga ai, raitim, dai hta jan nna, dai gaw grai lawan ai hku lawan wa ai.

Electrolyte mahkawn gaw dendrite hpe grai hkra machyi shangun ai. Salt a n-gun gaw ion htaw sa ai lam hte electrode makau na wan n-gun a bung ai lam hpe hkra machyi shangun ai. Hka n law ai gaw, ion supply jaw ai lam gaw deposition ra kadawn ai lam hpe n lu galaw ai, dendritic rawt jat lam hpe n-gun jaw ai depletion zone ni hpe shabyin ya ai. Hpa majaw nga yang, n-gun ja ai gaw langai sha re ai hpe shatsaw ya lu ai raitim, ionic conductivity hpe shayawm ya lu ai (sh) n-gun hpe jat ya lu ai.

Electrolyte additives gaw pat shingdang ai lam langai sha jaw ya ai. Ga shadawn, Fluoroothylene carbonate (FEC), LiF{1}rich SEI layers ni hpe hpaw na matu lithium ntsa kaw grau ra sharawng ai hku shayawm kau ai. Ndai layer ni gaw, madang masat da ai SEI a daw ni hte shingdaw yang, jak rung n-gun grau law ai hte, electronic hku galaw ai lam hpe shayawm ya ai, langai sha re ai n-gun hpe makawp maga ya ai.

Surface n kaja ai lam ni hte n-gun n rawng ai lam ni gaw dendrite law law hpe shabyin ya ai. Nanoscale n tara ai lam ni pyi, wan n-gun hpe grau ra sharawng ai deposition hpe shabyin ya lu ai. Dai hte maren, n-gun ja ai electrode ntsa ni hpe shapraw ya ai jak ni gaw, dendrite nucleation shara ni hpe shayawm ya ai. Dai hte maren, electrode ntsa hta rawng ai n san seng ai lam (sh) n-gun n rawng ai lam ni gaw, n bung ai nucleation ni hpe galaw ya lu ai.

Cell langai a kata na n-gun n-gun n-gun ni gaw, shara n bung ai n-gun n-gun (spotially reaction kinetics) hpe shabyin ya ai. Hot spots ni gaw ion htaw sa ai lam hte n-gun grau lawan ai hku hkam sha nga ai, dai gaw, ya aten na n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-nga ai aten hta pyi, buga na dendrite-prone ginra ni hpe shabyin ya lu ai. Ndai akyu hpe maren mara garan gachyan ai lam hpe n-gun jaw ya ai battery ni hpe hparan ai ladat ni gaw ndai akyu hpe shayawm ya lu ai.

Battery hkring ai shaloi charge a masa gaw dendrite rawt jat lam hpe mung shadut ya ai. voltage kaba ni hta aten galu n-gun rawng ai cell ni hpe hkam la ai gaw, dendrite byin pru wa shangun ai, grau nna lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO°) cell ni hta. Ndai lam gaw, lai wa sai shaning shi ning na galaw sa wa ai lam ni hte shingdaw yang, float charge galaw ai ladat ni gaw, npu na voltage setpoints ni de hpa majaw rawt jat wa ai hpe sang lang dan nga ai.

Htunghking dendrite hpe sawk sagawn ai lam gaw, post-}mortem hpe sawk sagawn ai lam hta madung nga ai- n lu ai cell ni hpe hpaw nna, electrode ntsa ni hpe scanning electron microscopy hte jep yu ai. Shiga jaw ai raitim, ndai ladat gaw hkrat sum ai lam ni hpe pat shingdang lu na n rai, dendrite galai shai wa ai lam hpe aten dep n mai hkan tam ai.

Ya aten hta rawt jat galu kaba wa ai hkrang shapraw ladat ni gaw operado hpe yu maram lu ai. Institution law law hta sawk sagawn ai ni gaw, asan sha nga ai electrolytes (sh) laksan cell hkrang ni hpe jai lang nna ladat ni hpe gyin shalat ma ai. Maryland Dakkasu gaw, electrode lahkawng yan gaw lithium metal lawm ai optical cell ni hpe hpaw da ai majaw, charge galaw ai shaloi, dendrite rawt jat wa ai hpe asan sha mu lu ai.

X{0}}ray computed tomography (XCT) gaw, n hkrat sum ai cell ni kata na dendrite structure ni hpe sumla hkrung galaw ai masum hpe jaw ya ai. Synchrotron X{3}ray shara ni gaw, battery majing galaw ai aten hta, microscale hta dendrite byin pru wa ai hpe hkan tam na matu, ra ai daram resolution hpe jaw ya ai. Nature hta shapraw ai, nau nna ai aten na bungli ni gaw, lithium gaw ceramic electrolytes ni hpe gara hku shang wa ai hpe yu na matu, operado XCT hpe lang nna, n-gun n-gun jat wa ai hte lithium kap bra ai lam hpe mu lu ai.

Electrochemical imedance spectroscopy (EIS) gaw n hkrak ai raitim, n re ai nchyum n re ai n re ai hpe mu lu ai ladat hpe jaw ya ai. Dendrites ni kaba wa ai hte maren, shanhte gaw electrode a akyu rawng ai npu lamu ga hte ninghkap ai lam hpe galai shai kau ma ai. Ndai galai shai ai lam ni gaw impedance spectrum hta galai shai ai lam ni hku nna dan dawng nga ai. Hpaji ninghkring ni gaw, EIS shadawn shadang ni hku nna, npu na n-gun n-gun galai shai wa ai lam hpe map galaw na matu, scanning drop cell ladat ni hpe galai shai kau ai, cell hpe n hpaw ai sha, dendrite byin pru wa ai lam hpe tau hkrau sadi jaw ai lam hpe jaw ya ai.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy hte sumla hkrung ni gaw, tsi mawan ni a laklai ai lam hpe jaw ya ai. Tracer-exchange NMR gaw, electrolyte n-gun hpe shayawm ai hte, interface ni hta lithium plating hpe garan ginhka lu ai. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gaw dendrite shara garan ginhka ai lam hte rawt jat galu kaba wa ai lam ni hpe hkan tam ai, sawk sagawn ai ni hpe cell langai a ginra amyu myu gaw aten n bung ai aten hta dendrite ni hpe gara hku byin shangun ai hpe chye na na matu karum ya ai.

Fiber optic sensors ni gaw rawt jat wa nga ai ladat hpe madi madun ai. Electrode ntsa kaw bang da ai tiled fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) sensor ni gaw, n-gun n rawng ai sha, nanoscale interface ni hta mass htaw ai lam hte dendrite ni rawt jat wa ai hpe mu lu ai. ultrasensitive optical resonances ni gaw, lithium n-gun n-gun hte dendrite galai shai wa ai lam hpe tengman ai- aten hpe yu reng lu shangun ai.

Dendrite Formation

Multiple gaw dendrite hpe pat shingdang ai lam hpe yaw shada ai, hpawng de ai shaloi, shada da karum shingtau ai lam galaw chye ai. Ladat langai mi mung, bungli galaw ai masa yawng a npu e, dendrites ni hpe tsep kawp n shapraw shi ai, raitim, ladat law law gaw, ahkyak ai current density threshold hpe grai shabyin ya ai.

Solid electrolytes ni gaw shawng nnan hta dendrites ni hpe hkum hkrang pat shingdang ai lam ni hku nna myit mada shara nga ai zawn rai nga ai. Raitim, sawk sagawn ai lam ni hta, dendrites ni mung ngang kang ai arung arai ni de shang wa nna, mam lamu ga jarit (sh) n-gun n-gun ni hku nna rawt jat wa ai hpe mu lu ai. Solid electrolytes ni a akyu gaw tsep kawp makawp maga ai lam n re ai sha, dendrite n shang shi yang grau law ai jak rung n-gun ni hpe ra ai hta nga ai. Dai n-gun ja ai electrolyte a density hte mam n-gun hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ai gaw, shi a shang wa ai lam hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam hpe grai law hkra jat ya lu ai.

Masum{0}}}dmensional electrode ni gaw buga na hka lim ai shara garan ginhka ai lam hpe galai shai shangun ai. 3D host arung arai langai a porous structure hpe lithium gaw hpring hkra galaw ya ai. Ndai lam gaw, 5.2 × 10 3 m2/g daram kaw nna, lithium foil a matu 2.6 m2/g jan du hkra, carbonized hpun n-gang ni a matu 2.6 m2/g daram de, n-gun rawng ai npu lamu ga hpe jat ya ai. Dai jat wa ai shara gaw, buga na hka lim ai shara ni hpe shadawn sharam sha shayawm ya nna, dendrite nucleation a matu threshold npu kaw tawn da ai. Ndai structure ni hta tin zawn re ai lithiophilic arung arai ni hpe jat bang ai gaw, langai sha re ai, non{9}}dendritic deposition hpe n-gun jaw ai ra sharawng ai nucleation shara ni hpe shabyin ya ai.

SEI layers ni hpe shawng nnan cycle n galaw shi yang, n-gun n rawng ai SEI byin pru wa ai hpe tau hkrau n-gun jaw lu ai. LiF{3}rich coatings, polymer layers, hte composite organic{4}}inorganic sumla hkrung ni lawm ai ga sadi ni hpe madun da ai. SEI gaw, n-gun kaba ai ionic conductivity, n-gun n law ai electronic conductivity, hte n-gun n-gun galai shai ai shaloi, dendrite shang wa ai lam hpe pat shingdang lu ai, n-gun n law ai jak n-gun ni hpe kayau kaya hpawng de da ai.

Electrolyte engineering gaw hka htung maga kaw nna dendrite byin pru wa ai lam hpe tsun dan ai. Hpa majaw nga yang, n-gun n rawng ai ni hpe n-gun jaw ai ni gaw, n-gun n rawng ai ni hpe n-gun jaw ai. Ndai galai shai ai lam gaw langai sha re ai deposition hpe grau nna n-gun jaw lu ai. Ionic liquid electrolytes ni gaw, n bung ai interfacial atsam ni hte rau, dendrites ni hpe pat shingdang lu ai, n bung ai interfacial atsam ni hte rau, shanhte a n-gun grau law ai n-gun atsam ni gaw, yak hkak lam ni hpe shabyin ya nga ai.

Pulsed charge galaw ai tara ni gaw, nau nna ai aten hta, mau hpa hkrak ai hku shang lawm ai lam langai hku nna pru wa ai. N galai shai ai current hpe jai lang na malai, pulsed protocols ni gaw charge galaw ai aten hte hkring sa ai aten lapran hta galai shai nga ai. Hkring sa ai aten hta, myit maju jung ai gradient ni gaw shimlum wa nna, dendrite tips ni gaw daw mi pyi bai hka wa lu ai. 1 mA/cm2 kaw nna 6.5 mA/cm2-in solid{8}}mung na mungdaw battery ni kaw nna, MHz{3} n-gun n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai n-gun ni gaw, n-gun ja ai n-gun hpe jat ya ai hpe sawk sagawn ai lam ni hta mu lu ai.

Pressure application gaw kaga jak rung ladat hpe jaw ya ai. Electrode plane pat shingdang ai lam ni hte maren sha, compressive n-gun hpe jai lang ai gaw, dendrite rawt jat lam hpe madun dan ai. MIT sawk sagawn ai ni gaw, shanhte gaw n-gun hpe jai lang nna shapraw ai hku nna, dendrite rawt jat lam hpe galai shai kau lu ai hpe madun dan ai majaw, dendrite ni gaw n-gun dat ai lam hte maren zigzag byin wa ai. pressure gaw dendrite byin pru wa ai hpe n shapraw kau ya ai raitim, electrode ni a lapran hta lai mat wa na hpe pat shingdang ya ai.

Solid-state battery ni de galai shai wa ai lam hpe dendrite manghkang hpe hparan na myit mada lam ni a majaw daw mi shadut ya ai. Shawng na myit mada lam ni gaw, n-gun ja ai ceramic electrolytes ni hpe hkum hkrang hku nna, dendrite shang wa ai lam hpe pat shingdang kau na re ngu sawn la ai. Tengman ai lam gaw grau sawng ai hpe sakse madun wa sai.

Solid electrolytes ni gaw, dendrites ni hpe asan sha n-gun dat na matu ahkang jaw ai hta, jak rung daw hku nna hkrat sum mat ai. Dai lam gaw, n kaja ai lam ni a n kaja ai lam n nga ai-pores kaw nna hpang wa ai, mam lamu ga jarit, shing nrai, ntsa lam n tara ai lam ni kaw nna hpang wa ai. Lithium ni gaw ndai n kaja ai lam ni de bang nna, lithium grau law hkra hpawng de wa ai hte maren, ceramic n-gun n rawng ai aten du hkra, jak rung a n-gun gaw rawt jat wa ai. Crack langai hpe hpaw hpang ai shaloi, lithium gaw Oxford sawk sagawn ai ni sawk sagawn ai wedge-matut ai ladat hku nna hprawng hkawm wa ai.

N bung ai ngang kang ai electrolyte arung arai ni gaw, dendrite- a majaw byin pru wa ai daw garan ai lam hpe ninghkap ai lam n bung ai hpe madun dan ai. Garnet- zawn re ai LLZO zawn re ai electrolytes ni gaw shanhte a ionic n-gun kaba ai majaw ga sadi jaw ai, raitim shanhte a electronic conductivity gaw dendrite byin wa na matu karum ya ai. Electronic conductivity gaw electron ni hpe dendrite tips de du hkra galaw ya nna, matut manoi lithium hpe matut manoi tawn da lu ai. Ndai electronic conductivity hpe shayawm ai gaw, ionic n-gun kaba ai hpe matut manoi galaw nga ai aten hta pyi, dendrites ni hpe pat shingdang lu ai.

Sulfide- hta lawm ai Li₆PS₅ Cl (argyrodite) zawn re ai ngang kang ai electrolytes ni gaw n bung ai akyang lailen ni hpe madun dan ai. Dai majaw, shanhte gaw oxide ceramic hta grau n-gun ja ai majaw, dendrites ni gaw plastic n-gun n rawng ai sha, n-gun n rawng ai hku rawt jat wa lu ai. Raitim, densification gaw 99% du hkra 99% du hkra bungli galaw ai lam hpe grai kaja hkra galaw ya lu ai.

Lithium metal anode hte solid electrolytes lapran na interface engineering gaw kaga hkrat sum ai lam langai hpe hparan ya ai. N kaja ai matut mahkai lam gaw, ya aten na masa lam ni hpe shabyin ya ai, dai shara hta buga ginra na n-gun n-gun gaw, mungkan ting na shadawn shadang hpe grau kaba ai hku nna, n-gun kaba ai hku nna, n-gun dat ai lam ni hpe galaw ya ai. Ndai constriction shara ni gaw dendrite initiation shara ni tai wa ai. Polymer, magri n-gang, shing nrai, n-gun rawng ai arung arai ni a sumla hkrung ni hpe jai lang nna, matut mahkai lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ya nna, ya aten na tsi ni hpe grau bung ai hku garan gachyan ya ai.

Solid-state battery ni hta dendrite byin pru wa na matu ahkyak ai current density (CCD) gaw, tatut galaw mai ai wan jak hpe jai lang na matu 5 mA/cm2 hta jan ra ai. Dai majaw, n-gun ja ai electrolytes law malawng gaw, ndai yaw shada ai lam hta n-gun n rawng ai, dai majaw, n-gun ja ai sawk sagawn ai lam ni gaw, n-gun ja ai, n-gun, n-gun dat nna charge galaw ai, hte interface hpe galai shai ai hku nna, hpawng de ai ladat ni hpe jat wa ai.

Lithium battery ni gaw dendrite sawk sagawn ai lam hpe uphkang nga ai raitim, kaga system ni mung dai zawn re ai mayak mahkak ni hpe hkrum sha nga ai. Zinc metal battery ni gaw zinc dendrite byin pru wa ai hpe hkam sha ai, raitim, n bung ai arawn alai ni hte. Zinc dendrites ni gaw, n-gun ja ai shingnip ni hta grau nna, moss- bung ai (sh) whisker hkrang ni zawn rai nga ai, zinc a n bung ai electrochemical atsam ni hpe madun dan ai.

Aqueous zinc battery ni hta, dendrite byin pru wa ai lam gaw, electrolyte pH hte zincate n-gun hta grai madung nga ai. M KOH electrolytes hta 0.4 M hta jan ai zincate n-gun ni gaw dendrite rawt jat lam hpe shayawm ya ai, raitim, shinggrup hkawm ai electrolytes ni gaw hydrogen galai shai wa ai hpe grau jat shangun ai. zinc ntsa na ngang kang ai electrolyte interphase gaw lithium- hpe madung hku nna zinc oxide hte zinc hydroxide- hte n bung ai n bung ai n-gun ni hpe lawm nna, laklai ai jak hte ionic htaw sa ai atsam ni nga ai.

Sodium metal anode ni gaw lithium hte bung ai dendrite akyang lailen ni hpe madun dan ai, raitim, dendrite ni gaw sodium a npu na n-gun n-gun a majaw grau nna n-gun yawm wa ai. Magnesium metal, kalang mi hta, dendrite byin pru wa ai hpe ninghkap lu ai ngu myit ai gaw, n-gun n rawng ai shara ni hta, grau nna, 0.2-0.3 mA/cm2 jan nga ai aten hta, n-gun rawng ai ni hpe n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-nga ai sha, n-gun n-gun n-nga ai hpe mu lu ai.

lang nga ai lithium-ion battery ni hta silicon anodes ni pyi lithium dendrite byin pru wa chye ai. Charge galaw ai shaloi, silicon gaw 300% daram jat wa nna, SEI layer hpe garan kau ai. Ndai n-gun n-gun ni hku nna, lithium ions ni hpe silicon hpe yaw shada ai hte maren n-gun jaw ai hta, n-gun rawng ai lithium dendrites ni hpe galaw lu ai. Ndai ladat gaw, n-gun jat ai lam hpe electrochemical deposition hte kayau kaya galaw ai hybrid hkrat sum ai masa hpe madi madun ai.

Ndai masa ni hta bung ai lam ni gaw, mungkan ting na npawt tara ni gaw, dendrite byin pru wa ai hpe uphkang nga ai hpe tsun dan nga ai. Ya aten na density, ntsa lam n bung ai lam ni, interfacial layers ni a atsam ni gaw, laksan metal chemistry hpe n sawn ai sha, hkang zing ai lam ni hku nna pru wa ai. System langai a matu gyin shalat da ai makawp maga ladat ni gaw, galai shai ai lam ni hte, kaga ni hpe galai shai chye ai.

Kade nna ai aten na rawt jat lam law law gaw, dendrite byin pru wa ai lam hpe chye na ai lam hpe bai gram lajang ya nga ai. Solid- mungdan a battery ni hta garan nna hpaw hpang ai hte garan kachyan ai ladat ni hpe chye na lu ai gaw, paradigm galai shai ai lam hpe madi madun ai. Shawng na model ni gaw matut manoi galaw ai lam langai hpe sha sawn la ai, raitim ndai ni hpe laklai ai daw ni hku nna masat da ai gaw, lahkam shagu hta yaw shada ai hku shang lawm ai lam ni hpe galaw ya lu ai.

Amorphous hte crystalline dendrite structure a lit gaw myit maju jung wa sai. Kade nna ai aten hta NMR sawk sagawn ai lam ni hta, dendrites ni gaw shawng nnan hta n kaja ai hkrang ni hku nna byin pru wa ai hpe mu lu ai, dai gaw hpang e crystallize byin wa ai. Ndai ladat lahkawng a lapran na rap ra ai lam hpe dawdan ya ai, n-gun ja ai electrolytes hte battery bungli galaw ai masa ni a n kaja ai chemistry gaw dawdan ya ai. Ndai sawk sagawn ai lam gaw, prat tup na crystalline dendrites ni hta, bai nhtang wa mai ai amorphous structure ni hpe madi shadaw ya ai masa ni hpe hkrang shapraw na matu mai byin ai lam ni hpe hpaw ya ai.

Machine sharin hkam la ai hkrang masa ni gaw ya aten hta dendrite rawt jat lam hpe hkrak ai lam law wa ai hte tau hkrau tsun da ai. Hkum hkrang masat masa law law hpe hpaw shalawm ai hku nna, hkum hkrang masat masa law law hpe hpaw shalawm ai hku nna, n-gun n-gun, nbung katsi ai lam, electrolyte a n-gun yawm ai lam, ntsa lam n-gun n-gun n-gun{{2}into n-gun rawng ai n-gun n-gun ni hpe bang da ai, sawk sagawn ai ni gaw htunghking physics-}}based model ni hta grau kaja ai tau hkrau tsun ai lam ni hpe lu la ma ai. Ndai arung arai ni gaw kaja dik ai bungli galaw ai hkuwawt ni hte arung arai ni hpe kayau kaya galaw ai hpe lawan ladan chye na lu ai.

Protein molecule ni gaw n myit mada ai raitim, akyu rawng ai dendrite hpe pat shingdang ai tsi langai hku nna pru wa ai. Protein nkau mi gaw, electrolytes ni hta bang dat yang, lithium metal ntsa de, grau nna dendrite tips ni hta, shi hkum shi hkap la lu ai. {{2}helix kaw nna -sheet structures du hkra hkrang galai shai ai lam ni hku nna, ndai protein ni gaw buga na wan n-gun garan ginhka ai lam hpe galai shai ya ai, langai sha re ai n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ya ai. Ndai bio-inspired ladat gaw, laboratory chyam dinglik ai lam ni hta, galu kaba ai shingjawng ai lam hte, coulombic n-gun kaba ai hku nna, lu la ai.

Dendrite byin pru wa ai hpe chye na na matu thermodynamic framework gaw kungkyang wa sai. Ya aten hta sawk sagawn ai ni gaw, nbung katsi ai lam hte thermodynamic n-gun n-gun lahkawng yan gaw, lithium gaw langai sha re ai kun, shing nrai, dendrites ni hpe hpaw shabawn ai kun ngu ai hpe dawdan na matu ahkyak ai lit ni hpe gun hpai nga ai hpe chye na wa sai. Ndai chye na ai lam gaw, ndai parameter ni hpe arung arai hkrang shapraw ai lam hte bungli galaw ai masa ni hku nna galai shai na matu ladat ni hpe lam madun ya ai.

Dendrite Formation

Rawt jat galu kaba wa ai raitim, dendrite- hpe bai gram lajang ai lam gaw naw yak hkak nga ai. Laborator kaw na madun ai lam hte mass galaw shapraw ai lam lapran na gap hkat ai lam gaw, quality hpe hkang zing ai lam hpe makawp maga ai sha n-ga, scaling galaw ai lam ni lawm ai. N-gun ja ai electrolyte (sh) electrode ntsa hta n kaja ai lam langai gaw dendrites ni hpe nucleate galaw ya lu ai majaw, galaw shapraw ai lam hpe hkrak hkrak galaw lu ai.

Manu jahpu hpe myit yu ai lam ni gaw gara ladat ni galaw shapraw ai lam de du wa ai hpe hkra machyi shangun ai. Kaja dik htum ai dendrite hpe pat shingdang ai ladat nkau mi-dai hte maren, hkrak ai-elenered 3D electrode structures (sh) tsaw ai-} n-gun ja ai electrolytes- hpe manu dan ai hku nna galaw shapraw ai manu hpe jat wa shangun ai. Sut masa lam hpe ninghkap ai bungli galaw ai lam hpe rap ra hkra galaw na matu matut manoi kaja dik htum ra ai.

Long{0}} aten na cycle shingjawng ai lam hpe grau nna gram lajang ra ai. Hkamja lam hpe makawp maga ai ladat law law gaw, n-gun law law a matu dendrites ni hpe awng dang ai hku pat shingdang lu ai, raitim, wan jak mawdaw battery ni gaw, shaning shi ning laman, cycle wan law law hpe hkam sharang ra ai. 500 lang hta n-gun n rawng ai zawn rai nga ai dendrite kaji ni a rawt jat lam gaw 3,000 lang hta manghkang byin wa chye ai. Nhtoi galu{7}} aten galu ai ladat ni hpe chye na nna pat shingdang na matu, chyam dinglik ai lam hpe jat wa na matu ra kadawn nga ai.

Fast charge galaw ai lam gaw grau nna yak hkak nga ai. Automotive application ni gaw minit 15 (sh) minit 5 daram pyi charge galaw ai aten hpe grau grau nna yaw shada ai majaw, ya aten na 10-20 mA/cm2 (sh) dai hta jan ai hpe hkan sa ra ai. Ya aten na dendrite hpe makawp maga ai ladat nkau mi gaw ndai grai sawng ai jahpan ni hta akyu rawng ai lam hpe makawp maga ya nga ai. Lawan ai hku charge galaw ai hte galu kaba ai hkrun lam lahkawng yan hpe kalang ta lu la ai gaw, frontier sawk sagawn ai yaw shada lam hpe madi madun ai.

Kaga battery ra ai lam ni hte hpawng de ai gaw design hpe grau yak shangun ai. Dendrite ni hpe pat shingdang ai ladat ni gaw n-gun atsam hpe shayawm ya lu ai, n-gun yawm ai lam hpe jat ya lu ai, shing nrai, npu n-gun n-gun yawm ai lam hpe hkra machyi shangun lu ai. Battery design gaw law law lang-} hpe law law lang hkan nna, n-gun ja ai puzzle langai hpe dendrite hpe makawp maga ai lam hpe galaw ra ai.

Chyam dinglik ai lam hte shiga jaw ai lam hpe masat da ai gaw rawt jat lam hpe lawan ladan galaw ya na re. N bung ai sawk sagawn hpung ni gaw, dendrite byin pru wa ai lam, cell n bung ai lam ni, awng dang ai lam ni hpe n bung ai hku lachyum shaleng ai lam ni hpe jai lang ma ai. Common protocol ni hpe gawgap ai gaw, mahtai ni hpe grau hkrak hkra shingdaw lu nna, myit mada shara nga ai ladat ni hpe grau lawan ai hku chye na lu na re.

Dendrite byin pru wa ai aten ladaw ni gaw bungli galaw ai masa ni hte grai shai ai. 0.5 mA/cm2 grup yin na n-gun n law ai shara ni hta, shawng nnan na dendrite nucleation hpe hkying hkum latsa daram aten la ra na re. mA/cm2 jan ai current densities law ai shara ni hta, dendrites ni gaw minit loi mi laman hta short circuit ni hpe byin shangun nna byin shangun chye ai. Nbung laru, electrolyte n-gun, electrode ntsa na n-gun yawng gaw ndai aten ladaw ni hpe shadut ya ai. Consumer battery law malawng gaw, dendrite byin pru wa ai rai yang, cycle langai hta sha n-ga, charge cycle law law (sh) latsa jan jan byin wa ai masa ni hta bungli galaw nga ai.

Masa nkau mi hta daw mi bai nhtang wa lu na matu mai byin ai. Hka pru ai aten (sh) hkring sa ai aten ni hta, dendrite tips ni gaw electrolyte de bai shang wa lu ai, grau nna shanhte gaw n-gun rawng ai lam ni hku nna electrode hte n matut mahkai shi ai rai yang. Ndai self{2}}}healing akyang lailen gaw, n-gun rawng ai charge galaw ai tara ni gaw, hpa majaw akyu rawng ai-rest aten ni gaw, n-gun rawng ai ni hpe hka ja shangun ai lam hpe sang lang dan ai. Raitim, dendrites ni gaw grai dam lada ai crystalline structure ni hpe hpaw hpang wa ai shaloi (sh) si mat ai lithium ngu ai wan n-gun hte garan ginhka mat wa ai shaloi, nhtang wa ai lam gaw n mai byin mat ai. Makawp maga ai lam gaw gram lajang ai lam hta grau nna akyu rawng nga ai.

N ra ai. graphite anode ni hpe lang nna, n-gun rawng ai lithium-ion battery ni gaw, n-gun n rawng ai sha, graphite de shang wa ai majaw, n-gun n rawng ai sha, graphite de shang wa ai majaw, dendrite byin pru wa ai lam hpe n law htum hkam sha ai. Dendrite manghkang ni gaw, hpang na- n-gun ni hta lang ai lithium metal anodes ni hpe madung hku nna hkra machyi shangun ai. Lithium metal anodes ni hte pyi, ahkyak ai current density threshold ni a lawu e hkrak ai hkrang shapraw ai lam hte bungli galaw ai gaw, dendrite- n lawm ai bungli hpe n-htum n-wai galaw lu ai. Quality hpe hkang ai hte roi rip ai lam hpe makawp maga ai lam gaw, n mai koi gam ai lam hta grau nna ahkyak nga ai.

Dendrite byin pru wa ai lam gaw, ya aten na n-gun, nbung katsi ai lam, lapran na n-gun atsam ni, arung arai n kaja ai lam ni hku nna hkang ai, yak hkak ai electrochemical hte jak rung masa hpe madi madun ai. Shawng nnan hta, n-gun ja ai electrolytes ni hku nna makawp maga mai ai ngu myit ai raitim, dendrites ni gaw, lahkam shagu hta, yaw shada ai hku shang lawm ra ai, laklai ai npawt nhpang hte n-gun jat ai lam ni hku nna byin pru wa ai. 3D electrode htingnu gawgap ai lam ni, artificial SEI layers, electrolyte engineering, hte n-gun rawng ai charge galaw ai ladat ni hpe n-gun jaw ai ladat law law hpe mung lawm ai. Sut masa lam hta n-gun kaba ai-hkawm battery ni a lam gaw, ndai ladat ni hpe hpawng de ai hta madung nga ai, dai aten hta manu jahpu hpe makawp maga ai lam hte manu jahpu-}efectness hpe matut manoi galaw ai hta madung nga ai. Kade nna ai aten hta, masat masa galaw ai ladat ni, jahpan masat masa galaw ai lam ni, mechanistic chye na ai lam ni gaw, ra kadawn ai mawdaw hte grid hpe shinggyin tawn da ai ladat ni hpe hkan sa lu ai dendrite- hpe ninghkap lu ai battery system ni de rawt jat galu kaba wa na matu matut nna lam madun ya nga ai.