Organic Solvents ngu ai gaw hpa rai ta?- Polinovel

Organic solutions ni gaw, kaga arai ni hpe n-gun n rawng ai sha, garan ginhka lu ai (sh) bra ayai shangun lu ai carbon{0}} kaw na hka n-gun dat ni rai nga ai. Ndai compound ni hta hydrogen, oxygen, shing nrai halogens zawn re ai kaga element ni hte matut mahkai nna, hka zawn re ai inorganic solvent ni hte garan ginhka ai carbon atom ni lawm ai. 200 jan na organic solvents ni gaw, chemical dinghku amyu myu hta nga ai, langai hte langai gaw, shanhte a molecular hkrang hte hkum hkrang atsam ni hpe madung tawn nna, laksan hpaga lam hte hpaga lam hta jai lang ai lam ni hpe galaw ya nga ai.

Organic solvent ni a masat da ai atsam gaw shanhte a molecular architecture hta nga ai. Organic solvent yawng hta carbon{1}}carbon (sh) carbon{2}}hydrogen matut mahkai lam ni lawm ai. Ndai carbon-}based composition gaw shanhte hpe laklai ai hku garan ginhka lu ai atsam ni hpe jaw ya ai, grau nna hka n-gun n rawng ai non{5}}polar hte n-gun kya ai polar substances ni a matu hka hpe atsawm sha n lu hka mat ai.

Organic solvents ni gaw shanhte hpe hpaga lam hta manu dan ai hku galaw ya ai hkum hkrang atsam nkau mi hpe madun dan ai. Law malawng gaw nta kata na nbung katsi ai shara ni hta n-gun n rawng ai ntsin ni rai nna, lachyum gaw shanhte gaw loi loi sha hprawng mat wa ai. Shanhte a hka lum ai shara ni gaw, 100℃npu kaw nna 250℃grup yin du hkra, n-gun grau law ai shara ni hte bung ai. Dai dielectric constant{{5}a gaw, n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun shayawm ya lu ai n-gun hpe n-gun shayawm ya lu ai n-gun hpe shadawn ai lam hta, n-gun hpe n-gun shayawm ya lu ai n-gun hpe shayawm ya lu ai, n-gun hpe organic solvents ni a lapran hta grai hkra machyi shangun ai, shanhte a lithium sau zawn re ai ionic compounds ni hpe garan ginhka lu ai atsam hpe hkrak hkra machyi shangun ai.

Viscosity gaw kaga ahkyak ai arung arai langai hpe madi madun ai. Low-viscosity solvents ni gaw ions ni hte molecule ni hpe hka htung hku nna grau lawt lu ai hku shamu shamawt lu shangun ai, dai gaw lithium battery electrolytes zawn re ai application ni hta ra kadawn ai lam byin wa ai, dai shara hta ionic conductivity gaw bungli galaw ai lam hpe dawdan ya ai. Dielectric constant hte viscosity lapran na shada da matut mahkai ai lam gaw, kaja dik ai mahtai ni hpe lu la na matu, n-gun rawng ai arung arai ni hte kayau kaya galaw ra ai.

Hydrocarbon hka htung ni hta carbon hte hydrogen atom ni sha lawm ai. Ndai non{1}}}polar solvents ni gaw sau, wax, sau, sau ni hpe yeng seng kau ai hta grau kungkyang ai.

Aliphatic hydrocarbonsn-gup n-ga n lawm ai sha, dingyang (sh) branched carbon chain ni hpe madun da ai. Ga shadawn ni hta, hexane, hepta, hte petroleum ni lawm ai. Ndai solvent ni gaw polarity grai n law ai, n-gun kaba ai, chemical hku nna ngang grin tim grai wan hkru ai. Industries ni gaw dai ni hpe sau shaw la na matu, tsi mawan ni hpe galaw shapraw ai, nsam hpraw hkra galaw ai, n-gun dat shapraw ai lam ni a matu jai lang ma ai.

Aromatic hydrocarbonsshanhte a hkrang hta benzene rings ni hpe bang da ai majaw, shanhte hpe laklai ai atsam ni jaw ya ai. Benzene, toluene, hte xylene ni gaw, grau sawng ai manam pyaw ai baw ni hpe madi madun ai. Ndai compound ni hta polarity n-gun n law ai, aliphatic hydrocarbons hta grau law ai solency n-gun, hte arawn alai kaja ai manam pyaw ai baw ni nga ai. Shanhte a application ni gaw, nsam, n-gun rawng ai, laika dip ai, n-gun n rawng ai bungli ni hta, hpaga lam hta n-gun dat lang ai. Raitim, aromatic hydrocarbon law law gaw hkamja lam hte seng nna ahkyak ai hkrit tsang hpa ni hpe gun hpai nga ai-benzene gaw, chye da ai carcinogen langai rai nna, n-gun dat hpe n-gun dat ai lam hpe grai hkrak hkra galaw ai.

Oxygenated solvents ni gaw shanhte a molecular structure hta oxygen atom ni hpe bang ya ai majaw, shanhte a garan ginhka ai atsam hpe jat ya ai polar arawn alai ni hpe shabyin ya ai.

tsa chyarucarbon chain ni hta noi da ai hydroxyl ({0}}OH lawm ai. Methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, hte butanol ni hpe hpaga lam shagu hta grai lang ma ai. Alcohols ni gaw polar hte non{3}}} shan lahkawng yan hpe yeng seng kau ya lu ai majaw, shanhte hpe n-gun n rawng ai hku galaw lu ai. Ethanol gaw tsi mawan, hkum hkrang nsam, manam pyaw ai baw, san seng ai ni hta ahkyak ai arung arai langai hku nna magam gun nga ai. Hpaga lam hta jai lang ai lam ni hta, san seng ai lam hte tsi mawan ni hpe garan gachyan ai lam hta jai lang ai lam ni lawm ai.

Ketonescarbonyl hpung (C{0}}O) hpe carbon atom lahkawng hte matut mahkai da ai. Ackete hte methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) gaw ndai garan ginhka ai lam hpe woi awn ai. Ketones ni gaw polar grai law ai, grai kaja ai solency nga ai, lawan ai hku hka lim mat ai. Ackete gaw nail polish hpe shaw kau ai, nsam nsam n-gun yawm ai, electronics galaw shapraw ai hta san seng ai hka htung langai hku nna pru wa ai. Laboratory ni hta, ketones gaw, n-gun rawng ai n-gun dat ni hku nna galaw ya ai.

Estersacid hte tsa chyaru lapran na bai htang ai lam ni hku nna hpaw da ai. Ethyl acetate hte methyl acetate ni hpe ayan galaw ai. Ndai solvent ni hta pyaw hpa asi si ai manam pyaw ai baw ni, resins hte polymers ni a matu kaja ai solency, n-gun n law ai polarity ni nga ai. Coatings hpaga lam gaw, nsam hte n-gup magap ni hta ester ni hpe grai lang ai. Lusha hpaga lam ni gaw, hka htung nkau mi hpe manam pyaw ai baw ni hku nna jai lang ai. Ethyl acetate gaw nail polish hpe shaw kau ai ni hta dan dawng nna, circuit board hpe grau san seng ai hku mu lu ai.

Etherscarbon n-gang lahkawng hte matut mahkai ai oxygen atom hpe rawng nga ai. Dithyl ether hte tetrahydhydfun (THF) gaw laboratory hte hpaga lam ni hta ahkyak ai ethers ni hpe madi shadaw ya ai. Ethers ni gaw n-gun n law ai hte n-gun n law ai. Kalang mi hta diethyl ether gaw, n-gun n rawng ai ana zinli langai hku nna galaw nga ai raitim, shi a grai sawng ai wan n-gun gaw, dai hpe jai lang ai lam hpe pat shingdang da ai. THF gaw polymer galaw shapraw ai lam hta mung, laboratory hta n-gun rawng ai lam hpe mung, grai ra sharawng nga ai.

Halogenated solvents ni gaw, shanhte a hkrang hta halogen atom (chlorine, fluorine, bromine, shing nrai iodine) hpe bang da ai. Ndai solvent ni hta kaga hka n-gun ni hpe ninghkap ai arung arai ni a matu laklai ai hku garan ginhka lu ai atsam nga ai.

Chlorinated solvents nidichloromethane (methylene chloride), chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene ni lawm ai. Ndai compounds ni gaw non{1}} flammmable-a ahkyak ai shimlam akyu-n nga ai. Metal degreasing galaw ai lam, nsam hpe n-gun n rawng hkra galaw ai, katsi katsang re ai jasan jaseng ai lam ni gaw htunghking hku nna chlorinated solvent ni hpe grai kam hpa ai. Raitim, chlorinated solvent law law gaw toxic rai nna, nkau mi gaw carcinogens (sh) ma shangai na matu hkrit tsang hpa ni hpe garan ginhka da ai. Carbon tetrachloride hte trichlorethylene gaw hkamja lam a matu hkrit tsang hpa lam ni hte ozone ni hpe shayawm kau ai lam ni a majaw tara masa ni hpe grai pat shingdang da ai lam ni hpe hkrum sha nga ai.

Fluorinated solventsgrau nna laksan jai lang ai lam ni hta, nau nna ai aten hta myit lawm wa sai. Ndai compound ni gaw chlorinated alternatives hta grau nna n kaja ai lam ni hpe law law hta jaw ya nna, grai kaja ai chemical stability hpe madun dan ai. Battery hpaga lam gaw, shanhte a grau kaja ai oxidation n-gun atsam a majaw, n-gun ja ai-}voltage lithium battery lang ai lam ni a matu, fluorinated carbonate ni hpe grau nna myit lawm ai lam hpe madun dan sai.

Carbonate solvents ni gaw, dai ni na n-gun hpe shinggyin tawn ai hta ahkyak ai lit nga ai majaw, laksan shara hpe hkam la nga ma ai. Ndai n-gun dat ni hta carbonate hpung (−O−O−O−) lawm ai.

Cycle carbonatesethylene carbonate (EC) hte propylene carbonate zawn re ai ni gaw dielectric n galai shai ai lam ni law ai raitim, n-gun grai ja ai. Ethylene carbonate, nta kata na nbung katsi ai shara hta ngang kang ai, kaga hka n-gun ni hte kayau ai shaloi, hka lim mat ai. Ndai compound ni gaw electrode ntsa kaw ngang grin ai makawp maga ai sumla ni hpe hpaw ya ai.

Carbonatesdimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), hte ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) zawn re ai ni gaw, n-gun n law ai raitim, n-gun n law ai. Cycle hte linear carbonate ni hpe kayau kaya lang ai gaw, rap ra ai atsam ni hte electrolyte hka hpe shabyin ya ai.

Chdu chyang ailithium battery hpa rai ta?hpaji masa gaw ndai n-gun n-gun shinggyin ai jak ni hta organic solvent ni a ahkyak ai magam bungli hpe chye na ra ai. Lithium battery ni gaw, electrode lapran na lithium ion shamu shamawt ai hku nna, wan n-gun de chemical n-gun de galai shai wa ai. Organic solvents ni gaw ndai ion hpe htawt sit lu ai liquid electrolyte a npawt nhpang hpe hpaw ya ai.

Lithium battery electrolytes ni hta, organic solvent ni gaw ra kadawn ai lam law law hpe kalang ta myit dik ra ai. Dai majaw, shanhte gaw, lawan ai hku shamu shamawt lu na matu, n-gun n law ai, raitim, lithium hexafafafanophosphate (LiPF₆) zawn re ai lithium sau ni hpe yeng seng kau na matu, dielectric n-gun kaba ra ai. Shanhte gaw battery a bungli galaw ai voltage range ting hta electrochemical hku nna ngang grin nga ra ai, electrode lahkawng yan hta decomposition hpe ninghkap lu ai, nbung laru kaba ai shara ni hta hkrak hkra bungli galaw ra ai.

Dai zawn re ai lithium battery electrolyte gaw, n-gun rawng ai hka n-gun ni hpe kayau kaya lang ai. Masha law malawng lang ai ladat langai gaw, ethylene carbonate hte dimethyl carbonate (sh) dimethyl carbonate hpe shingdaw nna, shadawn shadang langai ngai hte kayau da ai. Ethylene carbonate a n-gun kaba ai n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun ni hpe atsawm sha yeng seng kau ya nna, graphite anode ntsa hta makawp maga ai ngang kang ai electrolyte interphase (SEI) hpe hpaw ya ai. Ndai SEI layer gaw lithium ion hpe lai shangun ai sha n-ga, hka lim ai lam hpe grau nna pat shingdang ya ai. Raitim, EC a n-gun kaba ai hka lim ai shara (36℃) gaw DMC (sh) DEC zawn re ai liquid solvent ni hte kayau kaya ra ai.

Propylene carbonate gaw shawng nnan hta myit mada shara nga ai zawn rai tim, htunghking lithium-ion battery ni hta graphite exfoliation byin shangun ai. Hpaji ninghkring ni gaw kaga anode arung arai ni hpe lang nna battery ni hpe tawn da ai. DMC hte DEC zawn re ai linear carbonate ni gaw electrolyte viscosity hpe shayawm ya ai, ionic conductivity hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ya ai hte low{3}} aten kadun bungli galaw ai lam hpe shayawm ya ai.

Lithium battery galaw ai lam hpe grai kaja hkra galaw ai gaw organic solvent hpaji ningnan hpe shabyin ya ai. High{1}}}voltage cathode arung arai ni hta grau kaja ai oxidation hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam nga ai hka htung ni hpe ra ai. Fluorinated organic solvents ni gaw 4.5V hte lithium jan ai atsam marai ni hta ngang grin ai lam hpe jaw ya ai. Ndai laksan hparan ladat ni gaw, n-gun grau law ai hpang, hpang na- n-gun dat ni hpe galaw ya lu ai.

Battery{0}}grade a matu ra kadawn ai lam ni gaw laklai ai hku n-gun ja ai. Purity gaw 99.9% hta jan ra ai, wan mi hta hka n-gun 10 npu kaw nga ai. Hka n san seng ai gaw lithium sau hydrolysis byin shangun nna, battery a daw ni hpe jahten kau ya nna, bungli galaw ai lam hpe shayawm ya ai hydrofluoric acid hpe shapraw ya ai. N kaja ai lam ni gaw oxidation atsam hpe shayawm kau ya nna, shim lum lam hpe mung hkra machyi shangun ai.

Battery hpe bai jai lang ai lam gaw, organic solvent hpe hparan na matu grau nna yak hkak ai lam ni hpe shabyin ya nga ai. Spent lithium battery ni hta n-gun n rawng ai electrolytes ni lawm ai. Ndai organic solvent ni hpe shim lum ai hku shaw la nna, bai jai lang ai (sh) hkrak sha kabai kau ai gaw grup yin hpe awu asin byin shangun nna manu dan ai arung arai ni hpe bai lu la ai.

Organic solutions ni gaw hpaga lam shagu hta dan dawng wa nna, mungkan ting na shaning shagu na jai lang ai lam gaw ton wan 28 jan rai nga ai. Shanhte a chemical galai shai ai lam n byin ai sha kaga arung arai ni hpe garan kachyan, n-gun jaw, n-gun jaw, n-gun shayawm lu ai atsam gaw, ladat law law hta galai shai n mai byin ai.

Coatings hte paints industry gaw, organic solvents ni hpe grau law ai hku jai lang ai hpe madi madun ai. Solvents ni gaw resin hte pigment ni hpe yeng seng kau ya ai, hkrak ai hku jai lang na matu hkang lu ai atsam, langai sha re ai shingnip ni hpe tawn da na matu hprawng mat wa ai. Toluene, xylene, acetone, hte tsa chyaru amyu myu gaw, n-gun n law ai hte jasan jaseng ai arung arai ni a matu, n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai ni hku nna galaw ya ai.

Tsi mawan galaw shapraw ai lam gaw, tsi mawan ni hpe galaw shapraw ai hte galaw shapraw ai lam yawng hta, organic solvent ni hta grai madung nga ai. Solvent ni gaw, shingra tara npawt nhpang ni kaw na active compounds ni hpe garan ginhka lu na matu, crystallization galaw ai lam ni hta san seng ai media, hte n-gun dat ni hpe htaw sa ai ni a matu, chemical synthesis a matu reaction media hku nna galaw ai. Ethanol, methanol, acetone, hte dichloromethane ni gaw, tsi mawan ni hta grau nna lang ai ni hta lawm ai.

Adhesive hte sealants sector gaw organic solvent ni hpe lang nna, n bung ai lam hpe hkang lu nna, jai lang lu na matu galaw lu ai. Application ngut ai hpang, solvent evaporation gaw adhesive hpe set galaw ya lu ai. Industrial adhesives, gawgap ai lam hpe pat shingdang ai tsi ni, nta kata na glue ni yawng gaw shanhte a formulations ni hta organic solvent ni hpe bang da ai.

Inks ni hpe dip shapraw ai shaloi, n-gun rawng ai ntsin hpe n-gun jaw na matu hte laika dip ai shara ni hta garan ginhka ai lam hpe mung galaw na matu ra ai. Laika shapraw ai ladat amyu myu-offset, flexographic, gravure-use amyu myu hpe shanhte ra sharawng ai lam ni a matu kaja dik htum galaw ai. Aromatic hydrocarbons hte esters ni gaw ink hpe ka shapraw ai hta law law lang pru wa ai.

Scale yawng hta Chemical synthesis bungli ni gaw organic solvent ni hpe reaction media hku nna lang ai. Solvents ni gaw, shanhte a katsi ai atsam hku nna, reactant kayau ai, hkang lu ai atsam ni hpe hkang lu ai, n-gun atsam ni hte lata la ai lam ni hpe shabyin ya lu ai. Laboratory sawk sagawn ai ni hte bungli galaw ai tsi mawan ni gaw, awng dang ai tsi mawan galai shai ai lam ni a matu, htap htuk ai hparan ladat ni hpe lata ai hta madung nga ai.

Electronic hpaga lam hta circuit board ni hpe jasan jaseng na matu, flux ngam ai hpe yeng seng kau na matu, n-gun yawm mat ai arung arai ni hpe jai lang ai. Precision hpe jasan jaseng na matu, ngam ai n pru ai sha, tsep kawp hka lim mat ai solvent ni ra ai. Isopropanol hte laksan fluorinated solvents ni gaw ndai application ni hpe galaw ya ai.

Tinang hkum hpe yu lajang ai lam hte hkum hkrang hpe yu lajang ai lam ni hta, manam pyaw ai baw ni, nail polish, nail polish hpe shaw kau ai ni, hte nsam amyu myu hta organic solvent ni hpe bang da ai. Ndai lang ai arung arai ni hta Ethanol hte ethyl acetate ni law law lang dan dawng wa ai.

Hka n lawm ai hpun palawng ni hpe jasan jaseng na matu, hka n-gun hpe jasan jaseng ai lam gaw htunghking hku nna organic solvents ni hpe htunghking hku nna kam hpa ai. Ndai application a matu grup yin hte hkamja lam hte seng nna myit tsang ai lam ni gaw kaga tsi mawan ni hpe gyin shalat ai lam hpe shabyin ya nga ai.

Organic Solvents

Organic solutions ni gaw shanhte a chemical n-gun, myit maju jung ai lam, n-gun dat ai aten, n-gun dat ai lam ni hta hkan nna hkamja lam hte seng nna hkrit tsang hpa law law hpe shabyin ya ai. Mungkan ting na bungli galaw masha wan hku law ai ni gaw, shanhte a bungli shara ni hta, n-gun n-gun jat wa na masa nga ai.

Acute hkam sha ai lam a akyu nimadung hku nna central nervous system depression hpe lawm ai. Short- aten na tsaw dik htum- madang na hkam sha ai lam ni gaw bawnu machyi ai, bawnu n-gun yawm ai, n-gun n rawng ai kaw nna myit ru myit tsang ai, n-gun n rawng ai, myit n dum ai, n-gun n rawng ai, n-gun n rawng ai, si hkrung si htan byin shangun ai masa ni du hkra, ana kumla ni hpe byin shangun ai. Myi, n-gup, n-gup n-gu n-gun yawm ai lam ni gaw, hka lim ai nbung hpe hkam sha ai lam hte byin chye ai. Ndai lawan ladan byin wa ai lam ni gaw, n-gun n-gun n-gun yawm mat ai shaloi, lawan ai hku mai mat ai, raitim, tara jeyang ai lam hte bai htang ai aten hpe hkra machyi shangun ai hku nna, kalang ta shim lum lam hpe hkra machyi shangun ai.

Hkum hkrang n-gun rawng ai lamshata law law (sh) shaning law law na hkra organic solvent ni hpe grau sawng ai akyu ni byin shangun ai. Aten galu hkam sha ai lam gaw, hkum hkrang daw law law hpe hkra machyi shangun ai:

Nervous system gaw grau nna n-gun kya ai lam hpe madun dan ai. Chronic solvent neurotoxicity gaw myit n-gun n-gun yawm ai, myit dum ai lam hta manghkang ni, shinggyim masha ni a galai shai ai lam ni, hpawng de ai lam hpe shayawm kau ai lam ni hku nna dan dawng wa ai. Nkau hka lim tsi ni-n{3}nexane, toluene, hte styrene-ar gaw, n-gun n-gun hpe madi shadaw ya ai. Dai masa gaw, n-gun n rawng ai lam hpe jahkring kau ai hte daw mi bai nhtang wa chye ai, raitim, grai sawng ai masa ni gaw, prat tup hkra machyi shangun ai.

Organic solvent law law gaw shinggyim masha ni a carcinogens ni hpe madi madun ai. Benzene gaw leukemia hte sai n kaja ai lam ni hpe byin shangun ai. Formaldehyde gaw n-gup n-gu hte n-gup n-gu n-gun yawm ai lam ni hpe jat shangun ai. Trichlothylene hte carbon tetrachloride ni hta mung, carcinogenic garan ginhka ai lam ni hpe gun hpai nga ai.

La ni hte num ni yawng hta 2-methoxyethanol hte 2-methoxyethanol hpe hkra machyi shangun ai tsi mawan law law a matu, shangai chyinghkai ai hkamja lam hpe hkra machyi shangun ai lam ni hpe ka da ai. Ma hkum kap ai num ni gaw, hka n-gun law ai madang ni hpe hkrum sha nga ai ni gaw, ma hkum n-gun n-nga ai, shangai ai n-gun n-nga ai, ma hkum n-gun n-nga ai ma ni hpe grau law hkra hkrum sha nga ai.

Liver hte kidney hkra machyi ai lam gaw, hka lim ai tsi law law hpe n-gun n rawng ai majaw byin pru wa ai. Ndai hkum hkrang daw ni gaw hka lim ai hpe galai shai ya ai majaw, hka lim ai- a majaw byin pru wa ai n hkru n kaja ai lam ni hpe hkam sha chye ai. Chlorinated solvent ni gaw grau nna liver a bungli hpe hkra machyi shangun ai.

Hkum hkrang hte seng ai hkra machyi lam ni gaw bungli galaw masha ni a lapran hta law law lang byin pru wa ai. Solvents ni gaw shingra tara sau ni hpe hkum hkrang kaw na shapraw kau ya ai majaw, htum mat ai, n-gun yawm mat ai, n-gup n-gu n-gun yawm mat ai. Nkau solvent ni gaw n hkrat sum ai hkum hkrang de shang nna sai de shang wa ai majaw, nsa sa ai hta lai nna, n-gun rawng ai lam hpe shabyin ya ai.

Lam ni hpe madun uhkamja lam hte seng ai akyu ni a n-gun hte amyu hpe dawdan na. Hkamja lam gaw, n-gun n rawng ai organic solvents ni a matu, shawng nnan na n-gun dat ai lam hpe madi madun ai. Solvent vapors ni gaw n-gup de shang nna, sai hku nna hkum hkrang ting hpe lawan ladan garan gachyan ai. Liquid solvents ni hpe matut mahkai ai shaloi (sh) bungli galaw masha ni gaw solvent hka shin ai shara ni hta shanhte a lata hpe lup bang ai shaloi, hkum hkrang n-gun rawng ai lam byin chye ai. Ingestion gaw n law ai raitim, n san seng ai lata ni hpe hkra ai malu masha (sh) lu sha ai hka htung ni hku nna byin pru wa ai.

Wan hte bawm kapaw chye aikalang ta hkrit tsang hpa ni nga ai. Organic solvent law malawng gaw n-gun n law ai flams ni hte grai wan hkru ai. Vapor-}air kayau ai lam ni gaw, wan hkru ai shara kata na n-gun n rawng ai wan n-gun, n-gun, hpaw ai wan n-gun, shing nrai, n-gun ja ai shara ni kaw na pru wa lu ai. Static n-gun hpe makawp maga na matu grounding container ni hpe hkrak hkra tawn da ra ai. Hpa majaw nga yang, n-gun ja ai hka htung lang ai shara ni hta wan jak ni hpe kata de shim lum hkra galaw ra ai. Bungli galaw na ahkang hte nbung hpe atsawm sha shapraw na matu, hka htung a n-gun-use shara ni hta "hot work" langai ngai a shawng e galaw ra ai.

Regulatory n-gun madun ai lam a shadawn sharambungli galaw masha ni hpe makawp maga na matu karum ya ai. Hpaga lam hte hkamja lam hpe makawp maga ai lam (OSHA) gaw, hka htung law law a matu, ahkang jaw ai lam hpe n-gun jaw ai lam (PEL) ni hpe hpaw da ai. Mungdan ting na shimlam hte hkamja lam hte seng ai hpaji jawng (NIOSH) gaw hpaji jaw ai lam ni hpe n-gun jaw ai lam (REL) hpe shapraw ai. American Asuya a Mungdan kata na Hygienist ni a zuphpawng (ACGIH) gaw Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) ni hpe galaw ai. Ndai shadawn sharam ni gaw, bungli galai shai ai lam ni hta, nbung hta nga ai n-gun grau law ai hpe masat da ai.

Makawp maga ai lam niorganic solvents ni hpe lang ai shara shagu hta galaw ra ai:

Engineering control ni gaw shawng nnan na makawp maga lam hpe jaw ya ai. Nbung hpe hkrak hkrak shapraw ai gaw, shanhte a source kaw na solvent n-gun ni hpe shaw kau ya ai. Local exhaust system, wan n-gun n-gun, nbung n-gun rawng ai shara ni gaw nbung hta n-gun hpe shayawm ya ai. Closed system ni gaw solvent shapraw ai lam hpe shayawm kau ya ai.

Tinang a hkum hkrang makawp maga ai arung arai ni (PPE) hta, nbung n-gun n law ai hpe sakse madun ai shaloi, nbung n-gun n rawng ai, makawp maga ai hpun palawng ni a matu lata la ai chemical- hpe n-gun jaw ai gloves ni lawm ai. Glove lata ai lam hpe atsawm sha myit maju jung ra ai- seng n bung ai dinghku ni gaw glove arung arai amyu myu de shang wa ai.

Administrative controls ni hta bungli galaw ai lam ni hpe hkrak hkra galaw ra ai. Bungli galaw ai ni gaw, n lang ai shaloi, n law htum hka lim ai shara ni hpe lang ra ai, n lang ai shaloi, shingbyi shara ni hpe shinggrup da ra ai, lata ni hpe hka lim ai hpe koi gam ra ai, hka lim ai tsi hpe lawan ladan galai kau ra ai, dai hpun palawng ni hpe lawan ladan galai kau ra ai, shim lum ai hku hparan ladat ni hpe ayan sharin hkam la ra ai.

Htunghking hku galaw ai wan sau- hta lawm ai organic solvents ni gaw grup yin manghkang ni hpe grai karum ya ai. Shanhte a n-gun kaba ai majaw nbung n-gun grai law hkra pru wa ai. Dai hka n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun (VOCs) ni gaw photochemical smog byin pru wa ai hta shang lawm nna, lamu ga-} madang ozone n san seng ai lam hpe byin shangun ai. 2017 ning hta, US Environmental Protection Agency kaw nna hkan tam ai nbung de, n-gun grau law ai tsi mawan ni hta lawm ai organic solvents ni hta lawm wa sai.

N tara ai hku hka lim ai gaw ga hte ga npu na hka hpe awu asin di kau ya ai. Organic solvent law law gaw, shingra tara hta aten galu nga ai, shingra tara hpe ninghkap ai. Hka kata na shingra tara ni gaw, hka lim ai hka hkin gau, hka hkin gau ni, hka hkin gau ni de shang wa ai shaloi, grau nna hkra machyi ai lam ni hpe hkrum sha nga ai. Htunghking hku hka ja ai hka htung ni a petroleum- npawt nhpang gaw, n-gun n rawng ai nhprang wan sau arung arai ni hpe jaw da ai ngang grin ai myit tsang lam ni hpe mung shabyin ya nga ai.

Lai wa sai shaning ni hta tara shawk shawn ai lam grau sawng wa sai. European Union a VOC lam hpe pat shingdang da ai nbung n-gun. US grup yin makawp maga dap gaw, hka htung ni hpe jai lang ai, shinggyin tawn da ai, garan gachyan ai lam ni a matu, grai ngang kang ai madang ni hpe masat da ya ai. Tara rung law law gaw, carbon tetrachloride hte chlorinated n-gun nkau mi zawn re ai, grai sawng ai hka lim ai lam ni hpe pat hkum ai (sh) grai pat shingdang ai.

Green chemistry npawt tara ni gaw grup yin hte hkamja lam hpe hkra machyi ai lam ni hpe shayawm ya ai kaga ladat ni hpe gyin shalat ai lam hpe shabyin ya ai. Bio- kaw na pru wa ai hka htung ni gaw, bai gram lajang mai ai malu masha ni kaw na lu la ai hka htung ni gaw, myit mada shara langai mi hpe jaw ya ai.

Ehtanolhkaulan mam, hkaulan mam, shing nrai kaga hpun npawt ni kaw na gaw, grau nna lang ai bio- hpe madung tawn ai hka htung hpe madi madun ai. Shi a ya nga ai npawt nhpang gawgap lam ni, chye chyang ai lam ni, n kaja ai lam ni gaw, application law law a matu myit lawm hpa byin shangun ai. Bio-ethanol gaw chemical hku nna petroleum-}elol hte bung ai raitim, bai gram lajang mai ai arung arai ni kaw na pru wa ai.

Ethyl lactate, hkaulan mam galaw shapraw ai kaw na pru wa ai, ethyl acetate hte acetone hta grau shim ai ladat langai hku nna galaw ya ai. Ndai bio- hpe madung tawn ai ester gaw magri hpe jasan jaseng ai, nsam hpraw ai, coating solvent hku nna kaja ai hku bungli galaw ya ai. Shi a biodegradability hte n-gun n law ai gaw, grup yin hpe n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai hku galaw ai application ni a matu htap htuk ai.

2-Methyltetra hka (2-MeHF), hkaulan mam hte hkaulan mam n-gu kaw na lu la ai, dichlomethane hte htunghking hku galaw ai tetrahydrofuran hta grau hpraw ai ladat langai hpe jaw ya ai. Ndai cyclic ether gaw tsi mawan ni hpe shingdaw ai lam hte polymer galaw shapraw ai lam hta jai lang ai lam ni hpe mu lu ai.

Cyrene ( dihydralovoglucosenne)green relvents ni hta nau nna ai aten hta hpaji ningnan langai hpe madi shadaw ai. Cyrene gaw n-gun n law ai n-gun hpe jaw ya nna, n-gun n law ai n-gun hpe jaw ya lu nna, n-gun n rawng ai (DMF) hte N{2}}2-pyrrolidone (NMP) hpe jai lang ai lam law law hta galai shai ya lu ai. Shi gaw graphene galaw shapraw ai lam hte carbon cross-coupling reactions ni hta akyu rawng ai lam hpe sakse madun da sai. Cyrene gaw shi a hpaji ningnan hte ngang grin lam masat masa ni a majaw kumhpa law law hku nna masat masa lu la ai.

shingra tara sung htum ai Eutectic Solvents (NADESs)choline chloride, urea, glycerol, hte organic acids zawn re ai shingra tara n-gun dat ni hpe kayau kaya hpaw nna byin pru wa ai green solvents ni hpe hpaw shabawn da ai. Ndai eutectic mixtures ni gaw shanhte a ngang kang ai arung arai ni nga tim, nta kata na nbung katsi ai shara hta liquid naw nga ai. NADES ni gaw n-gun n law ai, n-gun n rawng ai, n-gun n rawng ai, n bung ai arung arai ni hpe yeng seng kau lu ai atsam ni hpe jaw ya ai. Shanhte a jai lang ai lam ni hta, hpun ni kaw na bioactive compounds ni hpe shaw la ai, tsi mawan ni hpe shinggyin la ai, analytical chemistry ni lawm ai.

Bio- kaw na hka htung ni a gat lawk gaw grai kaba wa sai, projection ni gaw matut nna jat wa ai lam hpe madun dan ai. Allied Market sawk sagawn ai lam hta, 2014 ning hte 2020 ning lapran hta, hkai sun hte bio{2}}dai hta lawm ai hparan hpareng ni a gat lawk gaw, shaning shagu 4.3% rawt jat galu kaba wa ai lam hpe masat da na re.

Raitim, green solution ni hta mayak mahkak ni nga ai. Shanhte gaw, bungli galaw ai lam hta shadawn sharam ai (sh) manu grau tsaw ai majaw, application yawng hta, htunghking hku galaw ai solvent ni hpe n mai galai shai ai. Nkau bio- hpe madung tawn ai malu masha ni gaw malu masha galaw shapraw ai lam hte shingjawng nna, ngang grin lam hpe san jep ai lam ni hpe shabyin ya ai. Hpun hpraw ni a asak sawk sagawn ai lam hpe jep joi ai lam gaw, shanhte a galaw shapraw ai lam yawng hpe myit yu ra ai, dai hta hkai lu hkai sha ai lam, galaw shapraw ai n-gun, htawt sit ai lam ni lawm ai.

Hpa hparan ladat mung hkum tsup ai hku "green" n re. Langai hte langai hpe shi a laksan jai lang ai lam kata kaw jep joi ra ai, galaw shapraw ai ladat ni, bai jai lang mai ai lam ni, jahtum- hpe yeng seng kau ai lam, hte yawng hkra galaw ai lam yawng hpe n-gun dat ai lam ni hpe myit yu ra ai. Yaw shada ai lam gaw, universal green solvent langai sha n rai, n bung ai jai lang ai lam ni hte bung ai, shim lum ai kaga ladat amyu myu hpe lang ai.

Laksan jai lang na matu ra ai organic solvent hpe lata la na matu, lam law law hpe rap ra hkra galaw ra ai. Chemist ni hte engineer ni hpe chye na hkra dawdan lu na matu, lata la ai lam matsun ni hpe gyin shalat da sai.

Solution parameters nisolvent langai gaw, laksan arung arai langai hpe yeng seng kau na kun ngu ai hpe tau hkrau tsun u. "Htawm zawn htum mat ai zawn" ngu ai npawt tara gaw, npawt nhpang npawt nhpang hpe jaw ya ai, dai gaw polar solutes ni hpe yeng seng kau ya ai, non{2}}polar solvents ni gaw non{3}}}polar substances ni hpe yeng seng kau ya ai. Hansen solubility parameters ni gaw grau nna htuk manu ai masum ngu na masum ngu na ladat hpe jaw ya ai, polarity hpe garan ginhka ai n-gun, polar matut mahkai lam, hte hydrogen matut mahkai lam ni de garan ginhka ai.

Hkrang shala ai lam ni hpe myit yu aichemical synthesis hta, n-gun n-gun, lata la ai lam, hkai lu hkai sha ai lam ni hpe hparan lu ai atsam ni lawm ai. Solvent polarity gaw bai htang ai lam ni hpe shadut ya ai. Protic solvents (hydrogen bonding atsam nga ai ni) gaw, n-gun law law hta aprotic solvent ni (n lawm ai ni) hte n bung ai hku galaw ma ai. N-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai hka n-gun hpe shayawm ya lu ai.

Lawu na galaw shapraw ai lamsolvent lata ai lam hpe hkra machyi shangun ai. Dai arung arai hpe solvent kaw na garan tawn da ra ai rai yang, garan ginhka ai lam a matu loi ai. Volatile solvent ni gaw asan sha hka lim ai lam hpe ahkang jaw ai. N mai byin ai hka htung ni gaw liquid-liquid hpe shaw la lu ai. Nkau mi gaw solvent ni hpe bai jai lang nna bai jai lang ai majaw, san seng ai lam hpe ngang grin ai hte asan sha galaw ya ai.

Hkringmang, hkamja lam, hte shim lum lam (EHS) a hkrangdai ni na aten na solvent lata ai lam hta grai li ai. CHEM21 lata la ai lam matsun zawn re ai arung arai ni gaw grau shim lum ai kaga ladat ni hpe chye na lu na matu karum ya ai. Ndai lam madun ai lam ni gaw, shim lum lam (hkum hkrang n-gun, bai htang ai lam, hkamja lam, hkamja lam (chyam dinglik ai lam, n-gun n rawng ai lam), grup yin (hkam sharang ai lam, hka kata na toxicity), hte n kaja ai lam ni hpe tsi lajang na matu yak hkak ai lam ni hpe garan ginhka ai lam law law hta rank galaw ai.

Sut masa lamhparan hpareng manu hpe lawm ai, dai gaw grai shai hkat ai, npawt nhpang ra kadawn ai lam ni hpe mung lawm ai. Specialized solvent ni hta manu dan ai arung arai ni hpe n-gun n rawng ai (sh) bai gram lajang na matu ra ai. Regulatory hkan sa ai lam a matu jai lang ai gumhpraw- hpe ahkang jaw ai, yu reng ai, shiga jaw ai-dd hpe hka htung nkau mi hpe jai lang na matu jai lang ai gumhpraw yawng hpe jai lang ai.

hka ja ai ladat ni hpe kayau kaya lang ailaw law lang gaw single solvent ni hta grau kaja ai bungli hpe jaw ya ai. Binary (sh) ternary mixtures ni gaw n kaja ai lam ni hpe shayawm kau ai shaloi, n bung ai solvent ni a akyu ni hpe kayau kaya galaw lu ai. Lithium battery electrolytes ni gaw ndai ladat hpe kasi madun ai, hka ja ai lam ni hpe kayau kaya galaw ai majaw, dielectric n galai shai ai hte n-gun n law ai hpe lu la ai.

Organic solvent hpaji masa gaw hpaji masa ra kadawn ai lam ni hte galu kaba lam a matu ra kadawn ai lam ni hpe htang ai hku nna matut nna rawt jat wa nga ai.

Solvent{0}} lawt lu ai lam nigreen chemistry hta kaja dik ai yaw shada lam hpe madi madun ai. Mai byin ai shara hta, hka lim ai lam hpe yeng seng kau ai gaw shanhte hte seng ai hkrit tsang hpa ni hte manu jahpu ni hpe tsep kawp yeng seng kau ya ai. Solid- mungdaw a bai htang ai lam ni, n-gun n rawng ai hku bai htang ai lam ni (reactants n lawm ai sha kayau ai), mechanochemical process ni gaw ndai yaw shada lam hpe rawt jat wa shangun ai. Raitim, application law law hta gaw, tatut galaw sa wa na matu, hparan ladat ni hpe naw ra nga ai.

Supercritical ntsin ni, grau nna supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO kaji), n-gun rawng ai n-gun dat ni hpe n-gun jaw ai ladat langai mi hpe jaw ya ai. Shi a ahkyak ai nbung katsi ai lam hte n-gun atsam hta, CO kaji gaw liquid- zawn re ai ntsin rai tim, gas{2}} zawn re ai diffusivity lawm ai ntsin langai byin wa ai. ScCO kaji gaw non{4}}}polar law law hpe yeng seng kau ya nna, n kaja ai n-gun n rawng ai, n-gun shayawm ai hku nna loi loi hte garan ginhka lu ai. Coffee hpaga lam gaw de affinaation a matu scCO hpe lang ai. Tsi mawan ni hpe shaw la ai hte polymer galaw ai lam hta mung supercritical ntsin ni hpe jai lang ai. High{8}} kaw nna, n-gun n law ai hte polarity n law ai majaw, grau dam lada ai hku hkap la ai lam hpe pat shingdang da ai.

Ionic ntsin ninta kata na nbung katsi ai shara hta ntsin naw ngam ai ions ni lawm ai. Ndai designer solution ni hpe, htuk manu ai cation{1}}anion ni hpe lata la nna, laksan application ni a matu gram lajang mai ai. Shanhte a n-gun n rawng ai nbung n-gun gaw nbung n-gun hpe pat shingdang ya ai. Raitim, ionic liquid law law hta n chye ai toxicology nga ai, shanhte a synthesis gaw manu dan ai, shanhte hpe bai jai lang mai ai lam gaw case hku nna jep joi ai lam ra ai.

Computational solvent hpe jep chyoi aimolecular modeling hte machine sharin hkam la ai hku nna hparan ai lam hpe lawan ladan lata la ai. Dai majaw, n-gun atsam ni hpe tau hkrau tsun dan ai, bai htang ai lam a mahtai ni, grup yin hpe hkra machyi ai lam ni gaw, chyam dinglik ai lam hpe shayawm ya ai-and{2}}eror hpe shayawm ya ai. Ndai arung arai ni gaw, chemical shara kaba ni kaw na myit mada shara nga ai ni hpe chye na lu na matu karum ya ai.

Rawt jat galu kaba wa ai battery ni a matu n-gun n rawng ai solvent nigrai ja ai sawk sagawn ai lam hpe hkam la lu ai. Dai hpang, voltage grau tsaw ai hte n-gun atsam grau law ai lithium battery ni gaw 4.8V jan n-gun rawng ai solvent ni hpe ra ai. Dai majaw, n-gun rawng ai carbonate ni hte ethers ni gaw ga sadi jaw ai. Trifluorothyl carbonate hte kaga n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun ni gaw, n-gun kaba ai{5}}}rich cathodes hte lithium metal arode ni hpe lu la shangun ai.

Solvent bai jai lang ai lam hte hkam kaja lamhpaji masa ni gaw ngang grin lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ya ai. Distillation gaw, hka lum ai shara n bung ai lam ni hpe madung tawn nna, mixed solvent ni hpe garan ginhka ai. Membrane garan ginhka ai lam, hkap la ai lam, rawt jat galu kaba wa ai oxidation ladat ni gaw jai lang ngut sai hka htung ni hpe bai gram lajang nna jasan jaseng ya ai. Closed-}loop system ni gaw, n-gun nnan lu sha ai lam hte n kaja ai lam ni hpe shabyin ya ai.

Organic solvent hpaga lam gaw, bungli galaw ai lam hta ra kadawn ai lam ni hte galu kaba lam a yaw shada lam ni a lapran matut manoi byin nga ai manghkang ni hpe hkrum sha nga ai. Nkau application ni gaw, n-gun ja ai hkang zing ai lam ni a npu hta, htunghking hku hparan ai lam ni hpe matut jai lang ra ai, htuk manu ai kaga ladat ni hpe galoi mung n mu lu na re. Kaga application ni gaw, bio- hta lawm ai, n-gun n rawng ai, shing nrai, tsep kawp hparan ladat{{3} n lawm ai ladat ni de galai shai wa na re. Dai lam gaw, shim lum lam hte grup yin hpe lit la ai lam hpe ahkyak shatai nna, grau nna amyu myu, application{5}} a laksan hparan ladat hpe madi madun nga ai.

Hkrang nsam hpe sawk sagawn ai lam hta, molecular structure gaw hka htung a arawn alai ni hpe gara hku dawdan ya ai hpe matut nna hpaw shadan dan nga ai. Ndai machye machyang gaw, laksan yaw shada lam ni a matu optimized galaw da ai solvent nnan ni a myit sawn sumru ai lam hpe galaw ya lu ai. Green chemistry npawt tara ni, rawt jat galu kaba wa ai hkrang shapraw ai ladat ni, hte jahpan galaw ai arung arai ni hpe kahkyin gumdin ai gaw, tsaban 21 a matu organic solvent hpaji hpe bai gram lajang ai lam rai nga ai.

Organic Solvents

Organic solvent hta carbon atom ni lawm ai, dai gaw shi a molecular structure a daw langai mi rai nna, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, shing nrai halogen atom ni hte matut mahkai ai. Ndai gaw hka (HO) shing nrai carbon n nga ai hka zawn re ai n-gun n rawng ai hka n-gun ni hpe garan ginhka ai. Carbon- kaw na npawt nhpang hkrang gaw, organic hka htung ni hpe kaga organic compound ni hpe garan kau lu ai atsam hpe jaw ya ai.

Organic solvent yawng gaw toxicity madang maren sha n nga ai. Toxicity gaw chemical structure hpe madung tawn nna grai shai hkat ai. Ethanol gaw n-gun n law ai hpe madun nna, lu sha hte tsi ni hta mung dan dawng nga ai. Dai hte nhtan shai ai hku nna, benzene gaw grai n hkru n kaja ai hte carcinogenic re. Carbon tetrachloride gaw grai sawng ai hkum hkrang hpe hkra machyi shangun ai. Solution langai hpra hta, shimlam jahpan laika ni hte tara masa lam matsun ni hku nna, hkamja lam hte seng ai hkrit tsang hpa ni hpe langai hkrai jep joi ra ai.

Yes, organic solvent law law hpe distillation hku nna bai jai lang mai ai, dai gaw n bung ai hka lum ai shara ni hpe madung tawn nna daw ni hpe garan ginhka ai. Chemical industries ni gaw, manu jahpu hte grup yin hpe hkra machyi ai lam hpe shayawm na matu, aten shagu bai hkam kaja wa nna, hka htung ni hpe bai jai lang ai. Recycling galaw na matu mai byin ai lam gaw, hka lim ai amyu, san seng ai lam, awu asin byin ai madang ni hta madung nga ai. Nkau application ni hta virgin solvent ni ra nna nkau mi gaw bai jai lang ai arung arai ni hpe hkap la ai.

Lithium battery ni gaw organic solvent ni ra ai, hpa majaw nga yang lithium gaw hka hte n-gun ja ai hku bai htang ai majaw, hka n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun ni hpe n mai byin hkra galaw ya ai. Organic carbonate hka htung ni gaw lithium sau ni hpe yeng seng kau ya nna, battery a n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun n-gun hte n-gun n-gun n-nga ai sha ngam nga ai. Dai hta n-ga, shanhte gaw grau nna n-gun n rawng hkra pat shingdang ai electrode ni hta makawp maga ai npu na sumla hkrung ni hpe mung hpaw ya ai. Ethylene carbonate hte linear carbonate ni hpe hkrak hkrak kayau kaya lang ai gaw, ionic n-gun hte electrode hpe makawp maga ai lam hpe kaja dik htum rap ra hkra galaw ya lu ai.

Organic solutions ni gaw, tsi mawan kaw nna electronics du hkra, hpaga lam shagu hta ra kadawn ai carbon{0}} kaw na ra kadawn ai ntsin ni rai nna, laksan jai lang ai lam ni hpe galaw ya ai laklai ai n-gun 200 jan nga ai.

Hkamja lam hte shimlam hte seng ai hkrit tsang hpa ni gaw, n-gun n rawng ai ethanol kaw nna, carcinogenic benzene du hkra, n-gun ja ai hku n-gun dat ni hpe hkang zing ra ai hte, htap htuk ai makawp maga ai arung arai ni ra ai.

Lithium battery hpaji gaw, n-gun n-gun hpe yeng seng kau ya ai, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun ni hpe n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai, n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ai, n-gun n-gun hpe makawp maga ya ai sumla ni hpe hpaw ya ai organic carbonate hka ja ai tsi ni hta grai madung nga ai.

Bio{0}} hpe madung tawn ai hka htung ni, shingra tara sung ai eutectic solvents ni, hte n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun dat ni hpe gram lajang ai lam ni gaw, hkrit tsang hpa sau htu ai wa-} yan hpe galai shai ya nga ai.

Solvent lata ai lam hta, n-gun, shim lum lam, grup yin hpe hkra machyi ai lam, manu jahpu, hte jai lang ai lam a matu jai lang ra ai lam ni lawm ai lam law law hpe rap ra hkra galaw ra ai.