Lithium ngu ai gaw hpa rai ta?

Lithium plating ngu ai gaw, graphite npawt nhpang kata de hkrak hkrak n bang ai sha, charge galaw ai shaloi, anode ntsa kaw n-gun rawng ai lithium hpe n-gun rawng ai lithium hpe bang ai hpe tsun ai re. Ndai lam gaw anode a electrochemical potential gaw magri lithium a npu de hkrat sum mat ai shaloi byin pru wa ai majaw, lithium ion ni gaw shanhte nga ai shara kaw graphite layer lapran de shang na malai magri layer byin wa ai.

Kaja wa charge galaw ai aten hta, lithium ion ni gaw cathode kaw nna anode de sa nna, graphite a atom layers lapran de shang wa ai. Nbungli ntsa jawn ai hkrunlam hkawm masha ni zawn, dung shara ni hpe hkrang shapraw nna jahpring ai zawn myit yu u. Graphite anode, laksan hku nna lithium-ion battery ni hta lang ai .48v ebike litium batterysystems, gaw shi a interplanar gap hkat ai lam kata hta ndai ion ni hpe hkap la lu ai layered structure nga ai.

Ndai shingjawng ai lam n mai byin ai shaloi Lithium plating byin pru wa ai. Graphite npawt nhpang de shang na malai, lithium ions ni gaw anode a shinggan ntsa kaw shinggyin la nna, magri lithium de shayawm mat wa ai. Anode a n-gun gaw, 0V grup yin hta lithium metal- hte shingdaw yang, metallic lithium-a n-gun hte maren (sh) dai hta n-gun yawm mat nna, ndai n ra sharawng ai n-gun hpe shabyin ya ai.

Lithium-ion battery law malawng hta lang ai graphite gaw, lithium ion ni hte hpring tsup hkra hpring tsup ai shaloi, n-gun dat n-gun atsam gaw, magri lithium hte grai ni ai. Ndai hku ni htep ai lam gaw n-gun kya ai lam hpe shabyin ya ai. Intercalation gaw shang wa ai ion flux hte n mai hkan nang ai shaloi, ion ni gaw npu kaw metal hku nna n-gun rawng ai hta lai nna kaga lam n nga ai.

Purdue Dakkasu na sawk sagawn ai ni tsun ai hta, anode ntsa kaw lithium ions ni shinggyin hpawng nna, ion ni hpe matut htawt sit ai lam hpe pat shingdang ai metallic deposits ni byin pru wa ai. Ndai metallic barrier byin wa ai shaloi, charge galaw ai hte discharge galaw ai aten lahkawng yan hta lithium ions ni hkawm sa ra ai lam ni hpe pat shingdang ai hku nna, battery hpe hkrak hkrak n galaw lu hkra pat shingdang kau ya ai.

lithium plating

Madung mabyin masa masum gaw lithium plating galaw na matu masa ni hpe shabyin ya ai, langai hte langai gaw lithium ions ni graphite anode kata de shang wa lu ai atsam hte seng nga ai.

Ya aten na manu kaba ai hte lawan ai hku charge galaw ai

Lawan ai hku charge galaw ai gaw lithium ions ni hpe anode de shanhte shada da shingjawng hkat lu ai hta grau lawan ai hku shadut ya ai. Hpaji sawk sagawn ai lam ni hta, 2C charge rate hte dai hta jan ai shaloi, lithium plating galaw na matu grau grau byin wa ai hpe mu lu ai. Intercalation galaw ai lam gaw grau lawan ai-dai hpe lai di yang, lithium ions ni gaw npu kaw shang wa na hpe la nga ai. Ndai backup gaw anode a ntsa hpe 100% state of charge local hku du hkra galaw ya ai majaw, cell ting n hpring shi yang pyi, potential hpe ahkyak ai threshold npu de jahkrat kau ya ai.

2024 ning kaw nna sawk sagawn ai hta, 4C hta charge galaw da ai cell ni gaw, n-gun grai yawm mat ai hpe mu lu ai, compressive loading gaw manghkang hpe grau sawng shangun ai. Ndai grai sawng ai n-gun ni hta, ion shang wa ai lam gaw graphite a hkap la lu ai atsam hpe lai di kau ya ai, dai gaw masha law law hpe chyinghka kaji hku nna funnel galaw na matu shakut ai hte bung nga ai.

N-gun n law ai charge galaw ai

Katsi ai masa gaw graphite n-gun n-gun kata na lithium ion ni a solid-state garan pru ai lam hpe grai shayawm kau ya ai.℃npu na nbung katsi ai shara ni hta, grau nna 0℃npu na nbung katsi ai shara ni hta, ionic shamu shamawt lam yawm mat ai majaw, intercalation a kinetics gaw n-gun yawm mat ai. Moderate charge current ni pyi, katsi ai aten hta plating byin wa chye ai.

Katsi ai shara ni hta wan jak mawdaw madu ni gaw ndai lam hpe tinang nan mu lu ai. Battery hpe hkang ai ladat ni gaw, plating hpe pat shingdang na matu, katsi majan aten hta charge galaw ai lawan ai hpe hkrak hkrak pat shingdang da ai. Lithium{4}}ion battery law malawng a matu charge galaw na matu kaja dik ai nbung laru gaw 10℃hte 30℃lapran kaw dung nga ai.℃npu hta, hkrit tsang hpa grau sawng wa ai.

2018 ning hta galaw ai sawk sagawn ai lam langai hta, 0℃hta 3.5C charge galaw ai shaloi lithium plating byin wa ai hpe mu lu ai , charge galaw ngut ai hpang shimlum ai aten hta laklai ai voltage plateau hku nna chye lu ai. Dai hte nhtan shai ai hku nna, dai cell langai sha gaw, nta kata na nbung katsi ai shara hta plating n nga ai hpe madun ai.

Anode hpe grai charge galaw ai

Anode kata de shi a atsam hta grau nna lithium hpe atik anang bang dat yang, n mai koi yen ai sha plating byin wa na re. Battery galaw ai ni gaw ndai mabyin hpe koi gam na matu, anode hpe cathode hte shingdaw yang grai kaba hkra galaw ma ai. Tengman ai hku galaw da ai shaloi, anode gaw, n-gun rawng ai aten hta, tengman ai 100% atsam de galoi mung n du ging ai. Raitim, galaw shapraw ai hta n kaja ai lam ni, battery pack ni hta cell n bung ai lam ni (sh) grai sawng ai hku bungli galaw ai masa ni gaw, dai makawp maga lam ni hpe lai di kau ya lu ai.

Hpaji masa hku sang lang dan ai gaw, shanhte a rap ra ai masa hta lai nna, wan n-gun n bung ai lam ni hpe shadut ya ai overpotentials-voltage shai hkat ai lam ni hpe madung tawn ai. Charge galaw ai shaloi, ninghkap ai lam law law gaw, n-gun grau law ai hpe shabyin ya ai: lithium ion hpe wan n-gun hku nna htawt sit ai, anode hpe ka-up da ai solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer hku nna shamu shamawt ai, hpang jahtum graphite structure de garan pru wa ai.

Ndai overpotential ni a shingdaw ai lam gaw, lithiated graphite (~0.1V vs. Li/Li+) hte metallic lithium (0V) lapran na voltage gap kaji hpe lai mat wa ai shaloi, anode n-gun gaw lithium metal hte n kaja ai ginra de lai mat wa ai. Ndai aten hta, thermodynamic ra sharawng ai lam galai shai mat wa ai. Lithium ion ni hpe metallic lithium de shayawm ai gaw, n-gun atsam hte shingdaw yang, n-gun atsam hte shingdaw yang, grau kaja wa ai.

Dai gap gaw kaja dik ai masa hta 100-200 millivolts daram sha rai nga ai. Dai system hpe current kaba hte shing nrai, katsi ai nbung hte shayawm kau yang, dai overpotentials ni gaw dai margin kaji hpe loi loi hte shinggrup kau ya lu ai. 2025 ning hta galaw ai modeling bungli gaw, plating galaw hpang ai aten hte bungli galaw ai masa hte arung arai ni a arawn alai ni hpe matut mahkai ai analytical expressions ni hpe gyin shalat da ai majaw, masa amyu myu a npu e plating galaw hpang na aten hpe tau hkrau tsun dan lu ai.

Non-uniform masa ni gaw grau sawng shangun ai. Electrode ntsa kaw na electrolyte garan ai lam n bung ai rai yang-assembly pressure (sh) packaging n kaja ai majaw rai na re-anode a shara nkau mi hta n law htum electrolyte hkam la lu ai. Ndai ginra ni gaw, grau law ai buga ginra na current density hte grau lawan ai buga ginra masa-of-charge jat wa ai hpe hkam sha lu ai majaw, yawng hkra shim lum ai zawn rai nga ai aten hta pyi, buga ginra plating hpe shabyin ya ai.

Plated lithium yawng gaw prat tup hkra machyi shangun ai n re. Charge galaw ai shaloi htum mat ai metallic lithium gaw lam lahkawng hku hkawm lu ai.

Nhtang wa mai ai Plating

Nkau mi gaw, n-gun dat dat ai shaloi, n-gun dat ai lithium strip ni bai nhtang wa ai (sh) n-gun dat dat ai n-gun htum mat ai hpang, graphite kata de loi loi hte shang wa ai. Ndai "reversible" plating gaw battery lang mai ai atsam hpe kalang ta shayawm kau ya ai n re. Neutron diffraction hpe jai lang nna sawk sagawn ai shaloi, masa nkau mi hta, n-gun dat dat ai shaloi, n-gun dat n-gun dat ni hta lawm ai plated lithium 70% du hkra pru wa ai hpe mu lu ai.

Fluoroethylene carbonate hpe n-gun dat ni hta jat bang ai gaw ndai nhtang wa lu ai atsam hpe grai shatsaw ya lu ai hpe mu lu ai. Lawan ai hku charge galaw ngut ai hpang hkring sa ai aten hta, metallic lithium gaw graphite hte loi loi sha n-gun jat wa lu nna, n-gun n rawng ai, n-gun n rawng ai hku charge galaw ai ladat hta layers lapran de shang wa lu ai.

N mai nhtang wa ai Plating hte si mat sai Lithium

Manghkang byin ai daw gaw n mai nhtang wa ai plating re. Ladat law law gaw lithium hpe n-gun n rawng hkra prat tup pat da ya ai. Plated lithium gaw wan n-gun hte matut mahkai nna, parasitic n-gun hta lithium hte wan n-gun lahkawng yan hpe sha kau ya ai. Ndai hkam sha lam gaw SEI layer hpe bai rawt jat wa shangun nna, dai gaw lithium hte electrolyte hpe grau jai lang ai.

Grau nna ahkyak ai gaw, plated lithium a mossy, dendritic hkrang gaw, jak hte n-gun n rawng ai. Discharge galaw ai shaloi, lithium dendrites a ntsa daw ni gaw daw mat nna, anode hte wan n-gun matut mahkai lam hpe sum mat chye ai. Kalang mi garan mat ai shaloi, ndai daw ni a grup yin hta SEI nnan ni byin pru wa ai. SEI gaw wan n-gun hpe n-gun n-jaw ai majaw, ndai lithium gaw "si mat sai"-matut nna charge-discharge cycle ni a matu prat tup n mai lang mat ai.

Plating hte charge galaw ai shaloi, active lithium n-gun hpe loi loi hte shayawm kau ya ai. Battery a n-gun yawm mat ai gaw, electrode lapran hta shuttle galaw na matu lithium n law ai majaw re. Ndai hpe n-gun ja ai coulometry gaw coulombic efficiency-n-gun dat dat ai atsam hte n-gun dat dat ai atsam lapran na shingdaw ai lam hpe n mu lu ai hku nna mu lu ai.

lithium plating

Grai sawng ai masa hta, plated lithium gaw n-gun n rawng ai hku n nga mat ai. Dai gaw dendritic structures-hpun- zawn re ai n-gun rawng ai, anode ntsa kaw nna n-gun ja ai, shinglet- zawn re ai lakung lakying ni hte rawt jat wa ai.

Ndai dendrites ni gaw shimlam hpe grai hkra machyi shangun ai. Shanhte gaw anode hte cathode lapran na n-gun n rawng ai polymer garan ginhka ai hpe htu nna, kata na short circuit byin shangun lu ai. Short circuit gaw cell hpe lawan ai hku self-discharge galaw nna, n-gun hpe katsi ai hku shapraw kau ya ai. Grau sawng ai-masa hta, ndai gaw thermal runaway-a chain reaction byin shangun nna, wan hkru ai lam byin wa chye ai.

Bai nna plating galaw ai shaloi, hkrit tsang hpa grau law wa ai. N kaja ai masa hta lawan ai-charge cycle shagu gaw, magri lithium grau law hkra jat bang ya nna, dendrites ni grau galu kaba wa ai. Ndai lam a majaw, wan jak mawdaw ni hta battery hpe hparan ai ladat ni gaw, grau nna katsi ai aten (sh) n-gun kaba ai shara ni hta, charge galaw ai ladat ni hpe n-gun jaw ai lam ni hpe galaw ma ai.

Metallic lithium gaw electrolytes hte hka hte mung grai htuk manu ai majaw, cell langai hkrat sum mat nna, dai kata na arai ni pru wa yang wan hkru wa na masa grau law wa ai.

Lithium plating hpe mu tam na matu yak hkak ai lam nga ai, hpa majaw nga yang, battery hpe hpaw dat yang, sumla langai sha lu la nna, metallic lithium a n-gun gaw ayan galai shai nga ai. Hpaji ninghkring ni gaw, n--jahten sharun ai lam hpe sawk sagawn ai ladat law law hpe gyin shalat da sai, dai ni a yak hkak ai lam hte hkrak ai lam ni gaw n bung ai.

Voltage shimlum ai lam hpe sawk sagawn ai

Battery hpe hparan ai ladat ni a matu tatut jai lang mai ai ladat gaw charge jahkring kau ai hpang voltage hpe yu reng ai. Plating byin ngut ai hpang, metallic lithium gaw shimlum ai aten hta anode hpe gang je kau nna, laklai ai voltage plateau hpe shabyin ya ai. Ndai gaw voltage curve hta flat region (sh) voltage a aten ladaw hta peak langai zawn dan dawng wa ai.

2024 ning hta galaw ai sawk sagawn ai lam langai hta, voltage relaxation profile ni kaw na shaw la ai atsam ningja ni hpe jai lang nna, jak hpaji sharin la ai ladat ni hte hpaw nna, 97% jan hkrak ai hku mu lu ai. Ndai ladat gaw kaja ai, hpa majaw nga yang, n-gang lithium hpe stripping galaw ai gaw, n-gang n-gun makau na n-gun hpe, plated layer hpe sha kau ai aten du hkra, n-gun grau ja hkra hkrat sum mat ai majaw re.

Mayak gaw hkam sha lam re. Voltage relaxation hpe kam mai ai hku mu lu na matu signal hpe asan sha n lu shi yang, n yawm htum 1% daram hpe plate galaw ra ai. Aten dep karum shingtau lam a matu, ndai shadawn sharam ai lam gaw ahkyak nga ai.

Laksan Voltage sawk sagawn ai lam (DVA) hte jat wa ai atsam sawk sagawn ai lam (ICA)

DVA gaw dV/dQ curves- hpe jep joi ai lam galaw ai shaloi, voltage gaw capacity hte gara hku galai shai ai hpe jep yu ai. Lithium magri hpe gang je kau ai hte graphite hpe garan kau ai lapran na galai shai ai ginra hta, plating galaw ngut ai hpang, jat bang ai peak langai mi dan pru wa ai. ICA gaw dQ/dV curve ni hpe lang nna, charge galaw ai shaloi plating byin ai hpe chye ginhka lu ai.

Ladat lahkawng yan gaw plating n-gun hte seng nna semi-quantitative shiga hpe jaw ya ai. 2024 ning hta sawk sagawn ai lam hta, DVA gaw plating peak nga ai shara hku nna metallic lithium kaw na pru wa ai atsam hpe grau hkrak hkra madun dan ai, ICA peak atsam ni gaw teng sha stripped lithium hta grau law ai hpe mu lu ai, dai gaw n mai nhtang wa ai sum mat ai lam nkau mi hpe tsun mayu ai.

N bung ai n-gun hpe hkam sha ai

Nature Communications hta tang madun da ai ningnan ladat langai gaw, charge galaw ai shaloi, aten tengman ai- hta plating hpe mu lu na matu, n-gun sensor ni hpe lang ai. Lithium plating gaw, n-gun langai sha a matu, n-gun grau kaba ai hte n-gun jat wa ai hpe shabyin ya ai-dai zawn re ai n-gun atsam a matu, 7 lang grau kaba wa lu ai.

Capacity (dP/dQ) hte seng nna n-gun a derivative hpe yu reng ai hku nna, ndai manu gaw n-gun n law ai n-gun hta n-gun n-gun jat ai shaloi masat da ai threshold hpe lai mat wa ai shaloi, system gaw chye na lu ai. Ndai ladat gaw, grai kaba ai rawt jat lam n byin shi yang, plating hpe rim la lu nna, load cell langai sha ra ai majaw, battery pack hpe hpaw shalawm na matu htuk manu ai.

Impedance- hpe madung tawn ai ladat ni

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) hte garan ginhka ai aten ni hpe sawk sagawn ai hku nna, plating byin ai shaloi charge htawt sit ai lam ni hta galai shai ai lam ni hpe mu lu ai. Plating gaw charge garan ai masa hpe galai shai kau ya nna, plated lithium interface kaw charge htawt sit ai lam nnan ni hpe shabyin ya ai.

Ndai ladat ni gaw laboratory sawk sagawn ai lam a matu grai chye na hkawn hkrang ai raitim, laksan arung arai ni hte hpaji machye machyang ni ra ai majaw, hpaga yumga battery hparan ai ladat ni hta jai lang na matu shadawn sharam sha rai nga ai.

Hpaw pru wa ai ladat ni

Ultrasonic spectroscopy gaw battery cell ni hku nna nsen n-gun garan ai lam hta galai shai ai lam ni hpe hkan tam ai hku nna, shawng daw-stage plating hpe mu lu na matu ga sadi jaw ai lam hpe madun dan ai. 2025 ning hta galaw ai sawk sagawn ai lam langai hta, state-of-charge shai hkat ai lam ni kaw na n law htum hkra machyi ai lam hte plating hpe chye ginhka ai hta hkam sha lam grai law ai hpe tsun dan ai.

Aggregation- hpe shabyin ai n-gun dat molecule ni hpe lang nna nhtoi htoi ai sawk sagawn ai ni gaw, plated lithium hpe myi hte mu lu ai. 4'-hydroxychalcone gaw plated lithium hte matut mahkai ai shaloi, second loi mi laman hta grai ja ai hpraw ai nhtoi hpe shapraw ya ai majaw, plating a n-gun hte garan ginhka ai lam hpe semi-quantitative hku nna sawk sagawn lu ai.

lithium plating

Lithium plating a akyu gaw, kalang ta n-gun yawm mat ai hta lai nna, battery a bungli galaw ai lam law law hpe hkra machyi shangun ai.

Atsam htum mat ai

Plating galaw ai shaloi shagu gaw, n mai nhtang wa ai n-gun atsam ni hte si mat sai lithium byin pru wa ai hku nna, active inventory kaw na lithium hpe shapraw kau ya ai. 70% strip back galaw yang pyi, ngam ai 30% gaw prat tup atsam sum mat ai hpe madi madun ai. Lawan ai hku charge galaw ai aten hta bai kahtap nna plating galaw ai shaloi, ndai gaw lawan ai hku shinggyin la lu ai.

Lithium plating hpe hkam sha ai cell ni gaw 50-100 cycle laman 20-30% daram sum mat chye ai hpe chyam dinglik ai lam hta mu lu ai, dai gaw n-gun n law htum charge galaw ai masa hta n law htum hkra machyi ai lam hpe shingdaw yu yang. Fade byin ai lam gaw plating a n-gun atsam hta madung nga ai-cycle langai hta lithium kade daram rawng ai.

N-gun atsam hpe hkra machyi shangun ai

Plated lithium hte grau htum ai SEI layer ni gaw kata na n-gun hpe jat ya ai. Resistance grau law ai ngu ai gaw, load npu hta voltage grau hkrat sum mat ai majaw, battery jaw lu ai atsam hpe shayawm kau ya ai. Ndai lam gaw grau nna wan jak mawdaw ni hta lawan ai zawn re ai discharge rate law law ra ai application ni a matu ahkyak nga ai.

Dai metallic layer gaw anode ntsa na daw nkau mi hpe mung pat da ya ai majaw, charge htawt sit na matu nga ai active area hpe shayawm kau ya ai. Ndai lam gaw ngam nga ai active shara ni hpe grau law ai current density hpe gun hpai na matu shadut ya nna, n hkru n kaja ai shingra tara hta hkrat sum ai lam hpe lawan ladan byin shangun ai.

Wan n-gun yawm mat ai

Plated lithium hte electrolyte lapran na hkam sha lam ni gaw wan n-gun hpe sha kau ya ai. Electrolyte gaw ion htawt sit ai lam hpe loi shangun ai majaw, shi a shayawm ai lam gaw cell ting hta ninghkap ai lam hpe jat shangun ai. N law ai electrolyte gaw hpang jahtum e, electrode arung arai ni hta atsam naw nga ai raitim, battery a prat hpe pat shingdang ai lam byin wa chye ai.

Lithium plating hpe pat shingdang na matu, arung arai ni, cell hkrang shapraw ai lam, charge galaw ai ladat ni hpe hparan ai lam amyu myu hku nna -ra ai.

Grau kaja ai charge galaw ai tara ni

Hpaji rawng ai charge galaw ai ladat ni gaw cell a masa hpe yu nna, plating threshold npu kaw nga lu hkra, current hpe n-gun rawng ai hku gram lajang ya ai. Nkau system ni gaw, grai dam lada ai chyam dinglik ai lam ni hpe sharin hkam la ai neural network ni hpe jai lang nna, 2 millivolts laman hta hkrak ai lam hpe tsun dan ai hku nna, anode a atsam hpe tengman ai-ten hta sawn shapraw ma ai.

Lithium hte shingdaw yang 0V de du wa ai shaloi, charge current gaw shi hkrai shi yawm mat wa ai. Langai lang galaw ai lam gaw, ndai htuk manu ai hkang ai lam hpe jai lang ai battery ni hpe, n hkrat sum shi yang, n-gun n rawng ai-ya aten hta charge galaw ai hte shingdaw yang, lahkawng lang grau law hkra charge galaw lu ai hpe madun dan ai.

Katsi ai shara hta charge n galaw shi yang, battery ni hpe pre-katsi shangun ai gaw, aten hte n-gun hpe grau jai lang ai raitim, wan jak mawdaw ni hta law law lang galaw ai. Nkau rawt jat ai jak ni hta, cell hpe kata kaw nna second 30 npu hta lawan ladan katsi shangun lu ai, -20℃hta pyi plating n galaw ai sha lawan ai hku charge galaw lu ai, kata na katsi shangun ai baw ni hpe lang ma ai.

Anode arung arai ni hpe gram lajang ai lam

Graphite n-gun n-gun ni a ntsa e n-gup magap ni hpe shinggrup da ai gaw lithium-ion htawt sit ai lam hte n-gun rawng ai lam hpe jat ya lu ai. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminium oxide (Al2O3), hte titanium-niobium oxide (TiNb2O7) zawn re ai arung arai ni gaw 2024 ning sawk sagawn ai hta akyu nga ai hpe mu lu ai.

Ndai coating ni gaw electron hte ion htawt sit ai lam hpe rap ra hkra galaw nna, n rai yang plating hpe byin shangun na buga na overpotential ni hpe shayawm ya ai. Nkau mi gaw lithium-phosphide- hpe madung tawn ai SEI layer ni hpe galaw nna, grau lawan ai hku charge galaw lu ai atsam hpe galaw ya ai.

Dai n-gun grau ja ai electrode ni gaw, lithium ions ni gaw particles kata de hkawm sa ra ai diffusion tsan ai shara hpe shayawm ya nna, n-gun grau ja ai n-gun hpe shayawm ya ai. 100μm kaw nna 50μm de electrode n-gun hpe shayawm ai gaw, lawan ai-charging hkam sharang ai lam hpe grai shatsaw ya lu ai, raitim, volume langai hta n-gun n-gun shayawm ai manu jahpu hpe jaw ra ai ngu sawk sagawn ai lam ni hta mu lu ai.

Wan n-gun hpaji

Localized high-hkum tsup ai electrolytes (LHCE) ni gaw plating hpe bai nhtang wa lu ai lam hte hkrang hpe hkang lu ai atsam hta mau hpa rawt jat lam ni hpe madun dan sai. Ndai hkrang shapraw ai lam ni gaw, electrode lapran na lithium ion ni a grup yin hta, n-gun ja ai hka ja ai shingnip ni hpe shabyin ya nna, n-gun ja ai electrolyte hta n law ai-hka ja ai diluents ni hpe lang ai.

Dai kaw na pru wa ai mahtai gaw LiF-sut su ai ngang kang ai-electrolyte lapran na n-gun atsam (99.9%) hte lithium n-gun atsam (99.95%) hpe grau tsaw hkra galaw ya lu ai. 2024 ning na sawk sagawn ai lam nkau mi hta ndai electrolytes ni gaw -30℃hta pyi bungli galaw ai lam hpe matut manoi galaw ya lu ai, katsi ai aten na mayak mahkak hpe hparan ya lu ai.

Fluoroethylene carbonate (sh) kaga film-hpan shapraw ai arung arai ni hpe bang ai gaw SEI layer hpe n-gun ja shangun nna, plating hte stripping galaw ai shaloi volume galai shai ai majaw hkra machyi ai lam ni hpe grau hkam sharang lu ai. Ndai gaw parasitic ni a hkam sha lam hpe shayawm ya nna, nhtang wa ai plated lithium a daw hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ya ai.

Cell galaw shapraw ai atsam

Hpaga galaw ai shaloi, n-gun garan ai lam hpe maren mara garan gachyan ai, electrode hpe hkrak hkrak shingdaw ai, electrolyte hpe n-gun n-htum ai sha jahpring ai lam ni hpe galaw ai gaw, plating hpe grau ra sharawng ai shara ni hta n-gun kya ai shara ni hpe pat shingdang ya ai. N--n bung ai electrolyte garan ai lam gaw ring- zawn re ai plating hkrang ni hpe byin shangun lu ai, electrolyte-law ai shara ni hta n-gun rawng ai hku garan pru wa ai.

Anode-to-cathode n-gun atsam shadawn shadang (N/P ratio) hpe hkrak hkra galaw ai gaw shim lum lam hpe jaw ya ai. Cathode atsam hte shingdaw yang anode hpe 10-20% grau kaba hkra galaw ai gaw, anode hpe grai ja ai charge galaw ai aten hta pyi, shi a grau kaba ai lithiation madang hta grau nna npu de bungli galaw lu shangun ai.

Daw mi hku nna. Plated lithium a ahkyak ai daw gaw, n-gun dat dat ai shaloi bai strip galaw lu ai (sh) charge jahkring kau ai hpang anode kata de loi loi hte shang wa lu ai, grau nna, hkrak hkrak galaw da ai electrolytes ni hte. Raitim, daw nkau mi gaw, electrolyte hte shingjawng ai lam (sh) electrode kaw na hkum hkrang hku garan ginhka ai lam hku nna galoi mung n mai nhtang wa ai hku byin wa ai. Hpaji sawk sagawn ai lam ni hta, kaja ai masa hta 60-70% bai nhtang wa lu ai lam hpe mu lu ai, lachyum gaw 30-40% gaw prat tup atsam sum mat shangun ai.

Ndai gaw nbung katsi ai hte cell design hta madung nga ai, raitim, plating risk gaw 1-1.5C hta jan nna, nbung katsi ai cell ni a matu grai law wa ai.℃hta 0.5C hta pyi plating byin wa chye ai. Dai ni na aten na cell ni hta anodes hte electrolytes ni hpe kaja dik htum galaw da ai majaw kalang lang 2-3C hpe nta kata na nbung katsi ai shara hta shim lum ai hku hkam sharang lu ai. Battery hpe hkang ai ladat ni gaw, sadi maja ai lam hku nna, 10℃npu 0.5-1C du hkra charge galaw ai hpe pat hkum da ai.

Specialized jak n nga yang, hkrak chye na matu yak ai. Laksan kumla ni gaw, lawan ai hku charge galaw ngut ai hpang (sh) katsi ai-nbung laru hpe jai lang ngut ai hpang, n bung ai hku n-gun yawm mat ai, charge ngut ai hpang, n-gun n-gun yawm mat ai "hang time" hta grau galu ai, shing nrai, n-gun yawm mat ai lam ni lawm ai. Na a jak gaw voltage-relaxation hpe yu reng ai hpe lang ai rai yang, byin mai ai plating mabyin ni hpe flag galaw ya lu ai. Impedance spectroscopy (sh) n bung ai n-gun hpe sawk sagawn ai hku nna hpaji ninghkring ni a chyam dinglik ai lam gaw, tsep kawp mahtai ni hpe jaw ya lu ai.

Moderate plating gaw madung hku nna kalang ta shimlam manghkang ni hta grau nna bungli galaw ai lam hpe hkra machyi shangun ai. Dai hkrit tsang hpa gaw, grai sawng ai, bai kahtap nna plating galaw ai majaw grau sawng wa nna, separator kata de shang lu ai dendrites ni byin pru wa ai. Battery hpe hkangzing ai ladat ni hpe plating hpe hkrit tsang hpa madang de n du hkra galaw da ai raitim, shinggan na masat da ai lam ni-ga zawn, grai katsi ai shara hta bai kahtap nna lawan ai hku-charge galaw ai zawn re ai-aten ladaw ni na wa ai hte maren, hkrit tsang hpa hpe grau jat shangun ai.

Lithium plating a tengman ai lam gaw, dai ni na aten na battery hpaji masa hta sadi maja let rap ra ai lam hpe madun dan nga ai. Charging speed hpe grai n-gun dat dat yang, battery hpe hkra machyi shangun ai. Katsi ai shara hta atsawm n sadi ai sha bungli galaw yang, plating byin wa ai. Raitim, grau lawan ai hku charge galaw na matu hte grau dam lada ai hku bungli galaw na matu ra kadawn ai lam gaw matut nna rawt jat wa nga ai, grau nna wan jak mawdaw ni hta.

Kade nna ai aten hta, sawk sagawn ladat ni, grau hpaji rawng ai charge galaw ai ladat ni, grau kaja ai arung arai ni gaw, lang ai ni ra sharawng ai hte gara battery ni hpe shim lum ai hku jaw lu ai lapran na garan ginhka ai lam hpe shayawm ya nga ai. Real-time plating detection hpe 99% hkrak hkra lu la ai, htuk manu ai charge galaw ai ladat ni hte hpawn, battery ni gaw hkrit tsang hpa ginra de n lai ai sha, shanhte a hkum hkrang shadawn sharam de grau ni htep hkra galaw lu sai.

Lithium-ion battery ni hte bungli galaw ai kadai mung, ebike, smartphone, wan jak mawdaw ni hta rai tim-lithium plating hpe chye na ai gaw, battery ni hpa majaw dai zawn galaw ai hpe chye na shangun ai. Dai voltage shadawn sharam, charge galaw ai lawan ai lam hpe pat shingdang ai, nbung katsi ai lam hpe sadi jaw ai lam ni gaw, ngang kang ai electrochemical lam ni a majaw nga ai, na a battery gaw nang hpe kade daram na hkra galaw ya na hpe dawdan ya ai lithium inventory hpe makawp maga ya ai.