Coulomb Counting ngu ai gaw hpa rai ta?- Polinovel

Coulomb hpe hti ai gaw, battery langai kaw nna lwi pru wa ai wan n-gun hpe hkan tam ai ladat langai rai nna, aten ladaw ni na wa ai hte maren matut manoi shadawn nna, dai hpe hpawng de ai. Ndai ladat gaw battery hparan ai ladat ni hpe ngam nga ai n-gun hte manu jahpu hpe hkrak shadawn ai n-gun n-gun hpe hkrak shadawn lu na matu ahkang jaw ai.

Coulomb hpe hti ai a npawt tara gaw, battery shang ai (sh) tawn da ai amp-hour shagu hpe yu reng ai lam lawm ai. Precision senseor gaw ya aten na hka lwi ai lam hpe shadawn nna, ap nawng ai circuit gaw ndai shadawn shadang ni hpe aten ladaw ni hta shinggyin la lu ai. 2 am ni hpe hkying hkum 3 tup battery charge galaw ai shaloi, dai system gaw battery a n-gun hta 6 amp{6}}hours hpe jat bang da ai. Discharge galaw ai aten hta, dai process gaw reverse hku hkawm nna, ya aten na hka lim ai hte maren amp{8}}hours ni hpe dawm kau ai.

Battery management chips ni gaw ndai jahpan hpe matut manoi galaw nga ai, laksan hku nna second mi hta hkying hkum law law hpe sample galaw ai. Integration formula gaw hkrak hkrak rai nga ai: charge galai shai ai lam gaw ya aten na aten hte maren law law nga ai, coulombic efficiency a matu gram lajang da ai. Coulombic efficiency gaw, charge galaw ai shaloi shinggyin tawn da ai charge yawng hpe, kata na n-gun n-gun, maga mi de bai htang ai lam ni, katsi ai lam ni a majaw, n-gun yawm ai aten hta n-gun n-gun n-gun yawm ai lam byin pru wa ai lam hpe tsun dan ai.

Modern galaw ai lam ni hta 16-t (sh) grau tsaw ai analog- hpe microcontroller ni hte rau hpawng de da ai. Maxim MAX17303X+ hte Reness RAA489206 gaw, masat masa galaw ai lam ni hpe hparan ai, n-gun rawng ai ladat ni hpe madun dan ai, shinggyim masha ni a hardware hparan ladat ni hpe madi madun ai. Ndai chips ni gaw battery parameters ni hpe n-gun n rawng ai memory hta shinggyin tawn da ai, battery tsep kawp htum mat ai shaloi pyi data ni hpe n-gun jaw ai hpe kam mai ai.

Coulomb Counting

Lithium ion battery charge galaw ai lam gaw, battery hpe grai n-gun ja hkra galaw na matu hte, n-gun grau ja hkra galaw na matu, hkrak ai coulomb hti ai lam hpe grai kam hpa nga ai. Dai n galai shai ai-current phase aten hta charge galaw ai aten hta, coulomb hpe hti ai lam ni gaw, charge kade daram shang wa ai hpe hkrak tup ka da ai. Battery gaw n-gun hpring hpring hte galai shai ai lam ni hpe n-gun n-htum hkra hkan sa ai de galai shai wa ai shaloi, hka lim ai current hpe hkrak shadawn ra ai, charge ngut ai aten hpe chye lu na matu.

Battery hpe hparan ai ladat ni gaw, ahkyak ai charge galaw ai lam ni hpe dawdan na matu, coulomb hpe hti ai jahpan ni hpe jai lang ai. Dai system gaw 2.3 amp-hpe ni hpe charge galaw ai shaloi jat bang da ai hpe mu yang 2.5 amp{4}}hor ni hpe 2.5 amp{4}}hors hku nna jat bang ai hpe mu yang, battery gaw 92% daram charge re ai hpe chye ai. Ndai shiga gaw, n-gun rawng ai lithium ion cell langai mi de, n-gun hpe shayawm kau ai hkrit tsang hpa masa hpe pat shingdang ya ai majaw, thermal hprawng mat wa chye ai.

Ladat gaw grau nna manu dan wa ai gaw, charge galaw ai hka leng ni 3C (sh) dai hta jan ai de du lu ai lawan ai{0}}charging application ni hta grau manu dan wa ai. Ndai rates ni hta, voltage- kaw na maram masam ai ladat ni gaw, kata na n-gun kaba ai majaw, voltage kaba ni hkrat sum mat ai majaw, hkrat sum mat ai. Coulomb hpe hti ai gaw kam mai ai lam naw nga ai, hpa majaw nga yang, voltage galai shai ai lam ni hpe n sawn ai sha, manu jahpu hpe hkrak shadawn ai majaw re.

Stage amyu myu hta, jahpan ni hta n bung ai hku nna, akyu rawng ai lam ni hpe n bung ai hku charge galaw ai. Lithium ion battery gaw 99% n-gun n law ai aten hta 99% daram n-gun rawng ai hpe madun dan lu ai raitim, katsi ai lam law wa ai majaw 95% de hkrat sum mat chye ai. Rawt jat galu kaba wa ai battery hparan ai ladat ni gaw, shanhte a coulomb hpe hti ai algorithm ni hpe, tengman ai{5}} aten na nbung katsi ai lam hte ya aten na shadawn shadang ni hpe madung tawn nna gram lajang ma ai.

Dai manu jahpu gaw, lu mai ai atsam hpe, n-gun grau law ai atsam a tsa lam shadang hku nna, madi madun ai. Coulommb hpe hti ai gaw SOC hpe battery a n-gun yawng hte garan nna SOC hpe sawn la ai. 50 amp{3}}hour battery gaw charge hpring hkra 15 amp{5}}hours hpe sa ya ai rai yang, SOC gaw 70% hte maren sha rai nga ai.

Dai jahpan gaw, npawt nhpang hpe chye na ra ai. Battery system ni gaw, battery gaw chye da ai state-either de du ai shaloi, SOC hpe shawng nnan galaw ai ( charge voltage limit hpe n law htum n-gun n law ai sha du hkra madun da ai) shing nrai, hkum tsup ai hku shapraw kau ai (low{2}voltage cutoff hpe hkra ai). Open{4}}}} circuit voltage shadawn ai lam ni gaw, SOC de voltage hpe map galaw ai lookup table ni hpe referencup galaw nna, calibration point ni hpe mung jaw lu ai.

Temperature gaw battery n-gun hte n-gun n-gun hpe grai hkra machyi shangun ai. Lithium ion battery gaw 25℃hta 100 amp{2}}hours hpe jaw lu ai raitim -10℃hta 80 amp{5}}hours sha jaw lu na re. Hpaji rawng ai hku galaw ai lam ni hta, nbung katsi ai lam hpe hka wa ai lam hpe lawm nna, thermistor hti ai lam ni hpe madung tawn nna, akyu rawng ai atsam hpe gram lajang ai.

Battery asak kaba wa ai gaw battery a prat hta SOC hpe sawn shapraw ai lam hpe yak hkak shangun ai. Lahkawng a lahkawng-ning ngu ai battery pack gaw shi a shawng na n-gun hta na 85% hpe sha naw tawn da lu na re. Aten kadun laman n-gun n rawng ai sha, coulomb hpe hti ai gaw, SOC hpe shawng na 100% atsam hpe madung tawn nna, naw sawn la na re, dai gaw grau grau n hkrak ai hku sawn la ai lam ni hpe lu la na re. Ndai lam hpe state a-of hku nna hparan ai masa law law gaw, manu jahpu hpe n-gun yawm wa ai hpe hkan tam ai state-} n-gun n-gun shayawm ai lam ni hpe hparan ya ai.

Madung shut ai lam 5 gaw coulomb hpe hti ai lam hpe hkra machyi shangun ai. Ya aten na sensor shut ai lam ni gaw, hkying hkum 24 laman 0.24 amp-hpeh ni a 0.24 amp{. 50 amp-hour battery hta, ndai gaw lani mi hta 0.5% SOC shut ai lam de gale mat wa ai.

Digital system ni a garan ginhka ai sample shingra tara a majaw, n-gun jaw ai lam hta shut ai lam ni byin pru wa ai. Rectangular integration hpe n law htum sampling hte hpawng de ai gaw, current lawan ai hku n bung ai shaloi shut ai lam ni hpe shabyin ya ai. 1-}}second sampling lapran aten gaw, loi loi hte galai shai ai hte shut ai lam kaji kajaw hpe shapraw ya ai raitim, akajawng sha n-gun jat wa ai aten hta ahkyak ai lam ni hpe n mu lu ai. Dai ni na aten na masa ni gaw, ndai shut ai lam ni hpe shayawm na matu, trapezoidal (sh) Simpson a tara zawn re ai, grau tsaw ai hku garan ginhka ai ladat ni hpe lang chye ma ai.

Battery atsam n teng n man ai lam gaw, n bung ai lam ni, nbung katsi ai lam ni, asak kaba wa ai lam ni kaw na pru wa ai. Production batch langai kaw na cell lahkawng gaw 2-3% hku nna teng man ai atsam hta n bung chye ai. Ndai n teng n man ai lam gaw SOC hpe jep joi ai lam shut ai lam a shut ai lam hpe hkrak shabyin ya ai-if, battery gaw 50 amp-hours hpe hkam la da ai raitim, teng sha 49 hpe hkam la lu ai, na a SOC gaw 2% daram hkrang shapraw na re.

Timing oscillator drift gaw ya aten na hpawng de ai lam a aten daw hpe hkra machyi shangun ai. 50 ppm hkrak ai crystal oscillator gaw aten kadun laman hta kaji kajaw sha shut ai lam ni hpe shabyin ya ai raitim, bat ni (sh) shata ni hta matut manoi galaw ai lam ni hpe shinggyin la lu ai. Temperature- hpe n-gun jaw ai crystal oscillators ni gaw ndai shut ai lam hpe jai lang ai lam law malawng a matu n law htum madang de shayawm kau ya ai.

Cumulative errors ni gaw coulomb hpe hti ai hte seng ai madung mayak mahkak hpe madi madun ai. Laika hti ai shaloi langai hte langai bai gram lajang ai kalang ta shadawn ai lam ni hte n bung ai sha, aten ladaw ni na wa ai hte maren, hpawng de ai lam hta shut ai lam ni gaw grau sawng wa ai. Cycle langai hta 1% shut ai lam gaw, system hpe bai gram lajang ai n rai yang, cycle shi a hpang 10% shut ai lam byin wa ai. Energies (2021) hta shapraw ai sawk sagawn ai lam ni gaw, aten{6}}}} Cumulative shut ai lam ni gaw, SOC sawn la ai lam ni gaw, aten galu laman, gram sharai ai lam n nga ai sha, "hkum tsup ai hku n tara ai" byin shangun lu ai hpe madun dan ai.

Typical accuracy gaw 3-4% kaw nna 2% npu du hkra 2% npu du hkra rai nga ai. Kalman filter ni hpe lang nna voltage- hta lawm ai gram lajang ai lam ni hpe kayau kaya hpawng de ai system ni gaw 1% npu na hkrak ai lam hpe lu la ai. PowerTech Systems gaw lithium-ion lang na matu shanhte a hpaga yumga galaw ai coulomb counter arung arai ni hta shadawn shadang shut ai lam ni hpe tsun dan ai.

Battery hpe hparan ai ladat ni gaw, cell ni hpe rap ra hkra galaw ai, nbung hpe hparan ai, makawp maga ai circuit ni hte rau, coulomb hti ai lam hpe madung bungli langai hku nna hpawng de da ai. Ya aten na sensor, laksan hku nna, 0.5 kaw nna 5 milliohms du hkra, hkrak hkrak re ai hpe ninghkap lu ai, madung lam hta dung nga ai. Hall-}eeffect sensors ni gaw, tsaw ai- hpe jai lang na matu kaga ladat langai mi hpe jaw ya ai, galvanic garan ginhka ai lam hte n-gun hpe yeng seng kau ai lam ni hpe yeng seng kau ya ai.

Microcontroller firmware gaw hpawng de ai ladat hpe jai lang nna, shadawn shadang ni hpe hparan ai. Mawdaw ignition (sh) device startup galaw ai aten hta, BMS gaw hpang jahtum tawn da ai SOC hpe non{1}}volatile memory kaw na hti ai. Dai hpang ndai npawt nhpang kaw na coulombs ni hpe hti hpang wa ai. Dai system store ni gaw, n myit mada ai sha, n-gun jahkring kau ai aten hta, n law htum data sum mat ai hpe lu la na matu, minit loi mi shagu hta, flash memory hpe aten kadun laman hta gram lajang ya ai.

Wan jak mawdaw ni hta autotomotive BMS ni gaw grau nna grai kungkyang ai coulomb hti ai lam ni hpe galaw ai. Ga shadawn, Tesla a battery hpe hparan ai ladat gaw, kilohertz rates hta current current hpe sample galaw nna, sensor nsen hpe shayawm na matu, filtering stage law law hpe jai lang ai. Ndai system gaw module (sh) cell hpung langai hpra a matu garan nna coulomb counter ni hpe tawn da ya ai majaw, hkrat sum ai cell ni hpe madun lu ai atsam n bung ai lam ni hpe mu lu ai.

Grid hpe tawn da na matu (sh) telecommunication a matu hpaga lam hta battery system ni hpe grau kam hpa mai ai. Ndai application ni gaw, hkrat sum ai lam ni hpe mu lu na matu, sensor law law hpe shingdaw nna, dual (sh) triple redundant current hkam sha ai lam hpe law law lang galaw chye ai. Sensor hti ai lam ni gaw hkap la mai ai hkam sharang lam hta lai nna, kaga lam ni hpe garan ginhka ai shaloi, dai system gaw ngam ai sensor ni hpe matut galaw nga ai shaloi, n kaja ai sensor hpe chye ginhka nna ginhka lu ai.

Aten galu a hkrak ai lam hpe n-gun jaw na matu, aten kadun laman bai maram masam ai lam gaw ahkyak nga ai. Dai majaw, n-gun rawng ai ladat gaw, charge galaw ai current gaw threshold langai a lawu de hkrat wa ai aten du hkra, battery hpe tup hkrak charge galaw ya ai (typically C/20), dai hpang SOC hpe 100% de bai gram lajang ya ai. Dai hte maren, npu na-}voltage de garan kau ai gaw SOC hpe 0% de bai gram lajang ya ai. Ndai calibration hpe 20-30 charge cycle shagu hta shi hkrai shi galaw ai.

Open{0}}}}circuit voltage calibration gaw grau nna gram lajang na ahkaw ahkang ni hpe jaw ya ai. Battery gaw minit 30 kaw nna hkying hkum law law hkring sa ngut ai hpang, terminal voltage gaw shi a tengman ai hpaw ai-circuit value hpe ngang grin hkra galaw ya ai. Dai hpang BMS gaw SOC majing hpe chye na lu na matu hte shinggyin la lu ai coulomb hpe hti ai shut ai lam ni hpe sharai la na matu OCV{5}}SOC looking table hpe reference galaw mai ai. Ndai ladat gaw, n-gun ja ai voltage-SOC matut mahkai lam hpe madun dan ai battery chemistries ni hte kaja dik htum bungli galaw lu ai, ga shadawn, lithium nickel mangan manganese oxide (NMC) zawn re ai lam ni hpe madun dan ai.

grau nna n-gun ja ai coulomb hpe hti ai ladat ni hta, coulombic efficiency hpe gram lajang ai lam ni hpe bang da ai. Ng et al ni a sawk sagawn ai lam. (2009) gaw, charge hte discharge a akyu hpe garan nna jahpan galaw ai gaw, hkrak ai lam hpe grai kaja hkra galaw ya ai hpe madun dan ai. Charging galaw ai aten hta, lithium ion battery ni gaw 98-99.5% n-gun hpe madun ai, n-gun dat n-gun hpe 99.8-99.9% du hkra galaw lu ai. Ndai manu ni gaw nbung katsi ai lam, ya aten na n-gun, hkamja lam masa ni hte n bung ai.

Kalman filter fusion gaw coulomb hpe hti ai hte voltage shadawn ai lam ni hpe tengman ai- aten hta kayau da ai. Dai filter gaw, aten shagu hta shanhte a n teng n man ai lam hpe madung tawn nna, sawn shapraw ai ladat lahkawng hpe maram masam da ai. IR hka kaba ni a majaw voltage shadawn ai lam n kam mai ai manu dan ai currents ni hta, filter gaw coulomb hpe grau kam ai. Hkring sa ai aten ni hta, voltage shadawn ai lam ni gaw n-gun jat wa ai. Ndai htuk manu ai ladat gaw ladat lahkawng yan hta na kaja dik htum hpe lu la ai.

Machine sharin hkam la ai ladat ni gaw SOC sawn shapraw ai lam a tsaw dik htum ai lam hpe madi madun ai. Wan hku law ai manu jahpu-discharge cycle ni hta sharin hkam la ai Neural network ni gaw, asan sha re ai model ni n lu ai battery- hte seng ai akyang lailen ni hpe sharin la lu ai. Ndai masa ni gaw, shinggyin la lu ai shut ai lam ni gaw, ahkyak ai lam ni byin wa nna, htap htuk ai calibration arawn alai ni hpe shabyin ya ai aten hpe pyi tau hkrau tsun dan lu ai.

Coulomb Counting

Voltage- kaw na SOC hpe sawn shapraw ai lam gaw lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery ni hte gasat gala nga ai, dai gaw 20-90% SOC ting hta mau hpa n-gun n rawng ai voltage curve ni hpe n-gun jaw ya ai. Ndai ginra ting hta 50-100 millivolts sha galai shai ai lam byin pru wa ai. Coulommb hpe hti ai gaw battery chemistry a voltage a arawn alai ni hpe n sawn ai sha, maren sha bungli galaw ai.

Ladat gaw charge hte pru wa ai aten hta battery n ra ai sha matut manoi bungli galaw nga ai. Voltage- hta lawm ai ladat ni gaw, hkrak ai hpaw da ai-} circuit voltage hti ai lam ni hpe lu la na matu, minit 30 daram du hkra, battery hpe idle dung na matu ra ai. Dai mawdaw hpe lani mi hta kalang lang mawdaw gau mai ai wan jak mawdaw ni hta, dai zawn hkring sa ai aten ni gaw shingra tara hku nna n law htum byin ai.

Model- hpe madung tawn ai ladat ni hte shingdaw yang, jahpan ra ai lam ni gaw n law htum naw rai nga ai. 8-bit microcontroller ni hku nna loi loi hte galaw lu ai, law htam ai hte jat bang ai bungli ni hpe sha galaw ra ai. Kalman filters (sh) neural network ni gaw 32-bit processor ni hpe float-point atsam ni hte ra sharawng nna, grau nna n-gun grau law hkra jai lang ma ai.

Temperature hkra machyi ai lam gaw, shadawn shadang npawt tara hta grau nna, n-gun atsam galai shai ai lam hku nna, coulomb hpe madung hku nna hkra machyi shangun ai. Voltage- npawt tawn ai ladat ni gaw, nbung katsi ai- hta lawm ai n-gun galai shai ai lam hte nbung katsi ai lam lahkawng yan hpe hkam sha ra ai, dai gaw, hkrak hkrak gram lajang na matu, shingra tara hku nna grau sawng ai.

Tengman ai shawng nnan na SOC hpe ra kadawn ai lam gaw, coulomb counting a npawt nhpang hta grau nna shadawn sharam ai lam hpe madi madun ai. Dai system gaw SOC manu n jaw ai kaw nna hpang wa ai rai yang, hpang na jahpan yawng gaw ndai shut ai lam hpe sali wunli hkam la ai. N-gun hpe sum mat ai battery system ni gaw shanhte a SOC reference point hpe tsep kawp sum mat nna, hpang na startup galaw ai shaloi voltage shadawn ai lam ni hpe kam hpa na matu shadut ya ai.

Self{0}} n-gun n-gun gaw, coulomb hpe hti ai shaloi, makoi da ai current drain hpe shabyin ya ai. Lithium ion battery ni gaw shata mi hta 2-5% daram hta nta kata na nbung katsi ai shara ni hta jat wa ai. Ndai zawn n yu n hkan galaw ai atsam sum ai lam gaw, sawn la ai SOC hpe tengman ai manu hta grau law hkra hkrat sum shangun ai.

Sensor gaw, dai product a prat hta, hkrak ai lam hpe loi loi hte jahten kau ya ai. 1% shawng nnan na hkrak ai lam nga ai ya na sensor gaw, 5 ning laman 2-3% de hkrat sum mat chye ai. Automotive application ni gaw 15 ning laman sensor n-gun hpe masat da nna, nbung katsi ai lam gaw -40℃kaw nna+85℃du hkra rai nna, atsawm sha lata la ai hte circuit hkrang shapraw ra ai.

Prat tup hta battery n-gun yawm mat ai gaw matut manoi byin nga ai calibration manghkang hpe shabyin ya nga ai. Battery gaw 1000 lang hta 20% daram n-gun yawm mat chye ai. BMS gaw aten kadun laman hta n-gun hpe bai maram yu ai n rai yang, SOC masat masa ni gaw grau grau myit mada shara byin wa ai, hkrit tsang hpa grai law ai masa ni hpe ahkang jaw lu ai.

Ya aten na sensor n-gun hpe n-gun kaba ai- ya aten na application ni hta garan ginhka ai lam gaw manghkang byin wa ai. 100{8}}amp gaw 1-milliohm hku nna current hpe n-gun dat dat ai shaloi, n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun n-gun 10 watts hpe yeng seng kau ya ai. Ndai gaw 3.3-kilowatt system hta n-gun n rawng ai raitim, n-gun n rawng ai 0.3% n-gun yawm mat ai hpe madi madun ai. Lower-resistance shunts gaw sum ai lam hpe shayawm ya ai raitim, n-gun n law ai shara ni hta shadawn shadang hkrak ai lam hpe shayawm ya ai.

Coulomb hpe hti ai ladat ni hte hpawng de ai hybrid ladat ni gaw, grau kaja ai bungli galaw lu ai atsam hpe lu la ai. Dai jat wa ai Kalman filter (EKF) gaw, coulomb jahpan hpe madung tawn nna, voltage akyang lailen hpe tau hkrau tsun na matu, battery hte maren sha re ai circuit model hpe lang nna, tau hkrau tsun da ai hte shadawn ai voltage lapran na shai hkat ai lam hpe madung tawn nna, SOC masat masa hpe sharai ya ai. Ndai gaw, shinggyin la ai shut ai lam ni hpe gyit da ai, tinang hkum hpe gara hku mung n-gun jaw ai.

Electrochemical imedance spectroscopy (EIS) gaw hkamja lam hpe jep joi ai lam a matu coulomb hpe jahpan bang ya lu ai. 1990 ning hta, n-gun law law hpe shadawn ai hku nna, dai system gaw kata lam hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam rawt jat wa ai hte atsam yawm mat ai hpe madi madun ai. Ndai shiga gaw coulomb hpe hti ai hta capacity parameter hpe gram lajang ya ai, battery asak kaba wa ai hte maren hkrak ai lam hpe makawp maga ya ai.

Labau hta sharin hkam la ai n-gun n-gun n-gun- n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai lam ni hpe sharin ya ai Artificial neural networks ni gaw, atsam hpe jahten kau ai ladat ni hpe tau hkrau tsun dan lu ai. Ndai tau hkrau tsun ai lam ni gaw, shut ai lam ni n byin shi yang, proactive recalibration byin shangun ai. Nkau sawk sagawn ai ni gaw, SOC masat masa hkrak ai lam hpe 1% laman hta, coulomb hti ai lam hte neural network ladat ni hpe hpawng de nna tsun dan ma ai.

Charging galaw ai shaloi, n bung ai voltage hpe sawk sagawn ai gaw, aten kadun laman na calibration point ni hpe jaw ya ai-}discharge cycle ni hpe n ra ai sha. dV/dQ curve hta na arawn alai ni hpe n-gun n rawng ai sha SOC manu ni hta n-gun n rawng ai sha, absolute SOC dawdan lu ai. Ndai ladat gaw grau nna lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide chemistries ni hte grau nna akyu rawng ai.

Dedicated coulomb hpe hti ai IC ni gaw ra ai magam bungli yawng hpe chip langai sha hta bang da ai. Texas Instruments ni a BQ series hte STM31xx dinghku a dinghku gaw ndai ladat hpe kasi madun dan ai, 16-bit ADCs, ya aten na hpawng de ai lam, nbung laru hpe hkam sha ai lam, I2C/SPI interfaces ni hpe madun dan ai. Ndai chips ni gaw design complexity hte board shara hpe shayawm ya ai sha n-ga, shadawn shadang hkrak ai lam hpe mung, madu ai hka wa ai ladat ni hku nna jat ya ai.

Sense resistor lata ai lam hta power hpe n-gun garan ai lam hpe ninghkap ai lam hpe rap ra hkra galaw ai lam lawm ai. 0.5{5}milliohm hpe 100-amp hpyi shawn ai hta n-gun n-gun 5 watts hpe yeng seng kau ai raitim, 50 millivolts hpe sha shapraw ya ai- n-gun rawng ai signal hpe shapraw ya ai, n-gun ja ai amplifiers ni hpe ra sharawng ai. 5-milliohm hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam gaw 500 millivolts signal hpe jaw ya ai raitim, law malawng hta 50 watts hpe n hkap la mai ai. 80-100 dB common-mode ningdang kau ai lam hpe jaw ya ai n bung ai allifier ni hte 0.1-1.0 milliohm hpe ninghkap ai 0.1-1.0 hpe lang ai mawdaw hkrang ni hpe lang ai.

Hall-ya aten na sensor ni gaw voltage drop n re ai sha, magnetic field hpe shadawn nna, power dissipation manghkang hpe tsep kawp koi kau ai. Raitim, shanhte gaw offset shut ai lam ni hpe shabyin ya ai (typically 50{3}200 mA hpe mawdaw-grade sensors ni hta), nbung katsi ai hte hprawng hkawm ai, shunt-based hparan ladat ni hta grau nna manu jahpu jaw ai. Ndai shadawn sharam ai lam ni nga tim, 200 jan amps ni gaw Hall sensor ni hpe grau grau ra sharawng wa ai.

Analog- too-digital converter lata ai lam gaw hkrak ai lam hpe hkrak sha hkra machyi shangun ai. 12{5}}bit ADC gaw 100-amp hpring hpring hpe shadawn ai 25- hpe 25{9}} n-gun rawng ai hku hkap la mai ai 25{9}} hpe jaw ya ai. Dai ni na aten na battery hparan ai ladat ni gaw, 16-bit (sh) 24-bit converter ni hpe lang nna, n-gun ja ai shara kaw nna, peak load ni hta amps latsa daram du hkra, n-gun ja ai range hpe hparan na matu, law law lang galaw ma ai.

Coulomb Counting

Wan jak mawdaw ni hpe jai lang ai lam ni gaw, coulomb hpe scale hku nna madun dan ai. Nissan Leaf a battery hparan ai ladat gaw cell hpung shagu a charge flow hpe hkan tam ai majaw, mawdaw hpe battery n htum shi yang, range estimate hte trigger sadi jaw ai lam ni hpe madun dan lu ai. Latsa jan na charge-discharge cycle ni ngut ai hpang, dai system gaw 3-5% laman SOC a hkrak ai lam hpe aten kadun laman bai gram lajang ai hku nna full charge galaw ai aten hta gram lajang ai.

Smartphone battery gauges ni gaw manu jahpu hte n-gun jai lang ai lam a majaw pat shingdang da ai asan sha nga ai coulomb hpe lang ai. Ndai system ni gaw 5-10% hkrak ai lam hpe lu la ai, battery level bar mali, manga hpe madun na matu ram ai raitim, mawdaw galaw ai hta n hkrak ai. Fuel gauge circuit a matu power budget gaw 100 microamps npu kaw naw nga ra ai, dai gaw grai ahkyak ai parasitic hka htung hpe koi lu na matu re.

Grid- scale battery hpe shinggyin tawn da ai gaw, manu jahpu hpe grau kaja hkra galaw na matu laklai ai hkrak ai lam hpe ra sharawng nga ai- n-gun n rawng ai module ni hpe mu lu ai. Ndai system ni gaw, n-gun n rawng ai n-gun rawng ai hpe, dual shunts hte ADC law law hte jai lang ai. Software algorithms ni gaw 0.5% jan ai shadawn shadang ni hte masat masa ni hpe lai di nna, hkrat sum ai lam n byin shi yang, tau hkrau tsun da ai gram lajang ai lam hpe galaw lu ai.

Hpyen masa hte nbungli hte seng ai application ni hta kam hpa mai ai lam grau law ai, law law lang voting logic hte triple-}hkawm ai hkam sha lam hpe galaw ai. Battery hpe hparan ai ladat gaw, shanglawt ai coulomb hpe hti ai circuit masum hpe shingdaw nna, manu hpe jai lang ai. Gara sensor mung hkap la mai ai shadawn sharam hta lai nna, n yu n hkan galaw ai rai yang, dai hpe n yu n hkan galaw ai shaloi, system gaw gram lajang ai lam a matu mara hpe log galaw ai.

Hardware yak hkak ai lam (sh) manu jahpu hpe n bang ai sha, coulomb hpe hti ai lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw na matu ladat ni hpe matut sawk sagawn nga ai. Shawng nnan na cycle ni hta battery- a matu hkrak ai akyang lailen ni hpe sharin la ai adaptive algorithms ni gaw, mass{2}}}}}unit calibration gaw n-gun n rawng ai hku galaw ai jak ni hta shut ai lam ni hpe shayawm na matu ga sadi jaw da ai.

Wireless battery hparan ai ladat ni gaw cell langai hpra hpe central controller hte matut mahkai ya ai wiring harness hpe yeng seng kau ya ai. Cell module langai hpra hta tinang a coulomb counter hpe lawm nna, wireless protocol hku nna data ni hpe htawn tsun ai. Ndai htingnu gawgap ai lam gaw wan jak mawdaw ni hta n-gun hpe shayawm ya nna, hpawng chyawm ai lam hpe asan sha galaw ya ai, raitim, law law lang shanglawt ai shadawn shadang ni hpe synchronize galaw ai lam a grup yin na mayak mahkak ni hpe shabyin ya ai.

Du na shaning loi mi laman hta galaw shapraw ai lam de shang wa ai Solid-state battery ni gaw, galai shai ai coulomb hpe hti ra ai ladat ni ra na re. Ndai battery ni gaw, n bung ai charge-discharge arawn alai hte asak kaba wa ai lam ni hpe madun dan ai. Aten ladaw ni na wa ai hte maren, current hpe hpawng de na matu npawt nhpang tara gaw naw nga ai, raitim, calibration ladat ni hte efficiency lam ni hpe gram lajang ra na re.

Battery digital twins hte hpawng de ai lam gaw myit htum hpa lam ni hpe jaw ya ai. Battery langai hte langai a labau hpe tup hkrak hkan nna, hkrak tup chye na hkra galaw ai hkrang hpe matut manoi tawn da ai hku nna, SOC masat masa galaw ai lam hta, n mu yu ai hkrak ai lam hpe lu la mai ai. Ndai hkrang masa ni gaw, ya aten na, nbung laru, nbung laru, hte n-gun n rawng ai shadawn shadang ni kaw na, shiga ni hpe hpaw shadan dan ai, law law a lapran na input langai hku nna coulomb hti ai lam hpe bang na re.

Battery voltage gaw chemistries law malawng a matu manu jahpu hpe hkrak n madun ai. Lithium iron phosphate battery ni gaw 20-90% SOC hta n-gun n-htum ai voltage hpe n-gun n-htum hkra tawn da ai majaw, voltage- kaw nna n-gun n rawng ai hku sawn la ai lam hpe n mai galaw ai. Lithium cobalt oxide battery ni gaw voltage-SOC matut mahkai lam grau kaja ai raitim, matut mahkai lam gaw nbung katsi ai, asak, n-gun n-gun n-gun ni hte n bung ai. Coulomb hpe hti ai gaw, voltage akyang lailen hpe n sawn ai sha, manu jahpu hpe teng sha hkan tam ai.

Calibration frequency gaw application ra ai lam hte shut ai lam hpe hkam sharang lu ai hta madung nga ai. Consumer device ni gaw 20-30 lang tup 100% du hkra 20-30 tup tup calibrate galaw ai. Wan jak mawdaw ni gaw shata shagu (sh) battery chye ai aten shagu hta calibrate galaw mai ai. Hpa majaw nga yang, n-gun ja ai hkrak ai lam ni gaw bat mi hta calibrate galaw mai ai (sh) aten kadun laman bai gram lajang ai lam hpe tsep kawp koi lu na matu Kalman filtering hku nna matut manoi gram lajang ai lam hpe jai lang mai ai.

Rai sai, coulomb counting gaw maga lahkawng maga hku matut manoi bungli galaw nga ai. Charge galaw ai shaloi, ya aten na hka lim ai hte maren, coulombs ni hpe jat bang ya ai, n-gun dat ai aten hta, coulombs ni hpe ya na hka lwi ai hte maren dawm kau ya ai. Ndai system gaw, lam langai hte langai hta, n bung ai coulombic efficiencies ni hpe gram lajang ai-}99% rai nna, 98.5% hta jan nna, lithium-ion battery ni a matu 99.5% jan ai.

Dai system n hkan tam ai rai yang, hkrak ai lam gaw hkrat sum mat ai. Batteries asak kaba wa ai hte maren, shanhte gaw capacity hpe sum mat nna, coulomb hpe hti ai algorithm gaw, npawt nhpang n-gun manu hpe matut nna jai lang ma ai. Ndai lam gaw, maram masam da ai SOC hpe grau grau myit mada shara byin shangun ai. BMS hpe jat wa hkra galaw ai lam ni gaw, aten kadun laman hta, tengman ai atsam hpe shadawn nna, jahpan masat masa ni hpe gram lajang ai, asak kaba wa ai shaloi, hkrak ai lam hpe gram lajang ai.

Coulomb hti ai lam a tatut awng dang ai lam gaw, asan sha ai hte hkrak ai lam lapran na rap ra ai lam kaw na pru wa ai. Hkum tsup ai lam n nga ai raitim, aten kadun laman hta calibration hte hpawng de ai shaloi, jai lang ai lam law malawng a matu, ra ai daram hkrak ai lam hpe jaw ya ai. Ladat a jahpan galaw ai atsam gaw, wan sau gauge hkum nan n law htum n-gun hpe jai lang ra ai battery- n-gun dat ai jak ni a matu grai kaja ai. Battery hpaji rawt jat wa nna, n-gun n-gun hpe shinggyin tawn ai ladat ni law wa ai hte maren, coulommb hpe hti ai gaw, gat lawk shagu hta, n-gun bai jat mai ai battery ni hpe hparan na matu, npawt nhpang arung arai langai hku nna naw nga na re.