Lithium ion battery ni gaw masha law malawng myit ai hku n-gun hpe teng sha "generate" n galaw ai. Shanhte galaw ai lam gaw, bai nhtang wa mai ai electrochemical reactions hku nna wan n-gun hpe shinggyin la nna, shinggan na circuit ra ai shaloi shapraw kau ai. Ndai lam hte seng nna myit n hkrum ai lam gaw design zuphpawng ni hta grai law hkra byin pru wa ai, grau nna marai langai ngai gaw shawng ningnan lang battery pack hpe size galaw na matu shakut ai shaloi.
Dai lam lahkawng gaw, tsi rung kaw na pru wa ai aten hta byin ai. Langai, lithium ions gaw n kaja ai electrode (anode) kaw nna electrolyte hte garan ginhka ai hku nna kaja ai electrode (cathode) de htawt sit wa ai. Lahkawng, electron ni gaw shinggan circuit hku nna anode kaw nna cathode du hkra lwi ai, akyu rawng ai bungli galaw ai. Charging galaw ai aten hta, ions hte electron ni hpe n bung ai maga de shamu shamawt shangun ai shinggan na voltage hpe lang nna, dai lam hpe bai nhtang wa ai.
Cell langai galaw shapraw ai voltage gaw nang lata la ai electrode arung arai ni hte shanhte a electrochemical atsam ni hta sha madung nga ai. Hka li ntsa kaw dung nga ai cell nnan langai mi gaw, lithium ion ion chemistries law malawng a matu 3.6 kaw nna 3.7V grup yin hta hpaw da ai-}typically madun na re, raitim ndai jahpan gaw charge a masa hte nbung laru hta hkan nna hkawm sa wa ai. Load hpe matut nna, current hpe htu hpang ai shaloi, voltage gaw kata na n-gun n-gun a majaw hkrat mat ai. Kade daram hkrat sum mat ai gaw cell a hkam kaja lam hpe grai tsun dan ai.
Cell Chemistry hte seng ai arung arai ni
Lithium ion cell yawng gaw madung bungli galaw ai lam hpe garan gachyan ai raitim, chemistries ni gaw grai shai hkat ai. Cathode material gaw cell a bungli galaw ai lam a arawn alai-energy density, n-gun atsam, cycle prat, thermal stability, manu jahpu ni hpe law malawng dawdan ya ai.
Layered oxide cathodes ni gaw shawng nnan na hpaga yumga galaw ai chemistry rai nga ai. Sony gaw shanhte hpe 1991 ning hta LiCoO€ (lithium cobalt oxide) hte hpaw hpang wa ai rai nna, dai hpe jai lang ai electronic ni hta naw lang nga ai, dai shara hta n-gun atsam gaw manu jahpu (sh) shimlam manu hta grau ahkyak ai. Ndai cell ni gaw cell madang hta 150-200 daram hpe shinggyin la lu ai. Cobalt a manu dan ai raitim, chemistry gaw 150℃hta n-gun n rawng mat ai. Anhte gaw thermal runaway hpe n-gun n rawng ai cell ni hta 130℃daram npu kaw nna hpang wa ai hpe mu lu ai.
Hkamja lam grau kaja ai hte manu n law ai hpe lu na matu shadut ai lam gaw, LiMn₄ (lithium manganese oxide) hpe mid-1990s hta byin shangun ai. Manganese gaw dirt manu n hkrat ai sha, spelel structure gaw shingra tara hku nna grau ngang grin ai. Ndai cell ni gaw 250℃hpe lai di lu ai aten du hkra n hprawng mat na re. Tradeoff hpe? N-gun n-gun gaw 100-120 Whi/kg de hkrat sum mat nna, manganese gaw aten ladaw hta electrolyte de shang mat wa ai, grau nna nbung katsi ai shara ni hta. Cycle prat gaw hkra machyi ai-nang gaw 80% npu de n hkrat shi yang 300-700 cycle ni hpe yu nga ai.
LiFePO% (lithium iron phosphate) gaw 2001 ning daram hta dan dawng wa nna, shimlam hte seng ai ga shaga ai lam hpe galai shai kau ya ai. Dai n-gup magap gaw lung seng- n-gun rawng ai; thermal hprawng ai lam gaw 270℃du hkra n byin ai, dai aten hta pyi n-gun n rawng ai. Cycle prat gaw grai kaja ai-2,000+ gaw 80% daram sha n-gun rawng ai, cell nkau mi hpe 5,000 lai wa sai aten hta chyam yu sai. N kaja ai lam gaw voltage re: 3.2V nominal sha, n-gun atsam gaw 90-120 Whi/kg sha rai nga ai. Bai nna, phosphate patent masa gaw shaning law law n san seng ai.
NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide) hte NCA (lithium nickel cobalt oxide) gaw "balanced" anhte a tsi ladat ni hku nna pru wa ai. NMC 111, 532, 622, hte 811 hpe kayau kaya galaw ai hku nna, n-gun, manganese, hte cobalt ni hpe kayau kaya galaw ai hku nna, nambat ni gaw, shadawn shadang n-gun rawng ai lam hpe madun dan ai-}you gaw, bungli galaw ai lam hpe tune galaw lu ai. 200-250 Wh/kg de n-gun dat n-gun hpe grau tsaw ai hku shadut ya ai raitim, thermal stability hte cycle prat hpe jai lang ai. NMC 811 cells ni gaw 250 Wh/kg hpe hkra lu ai raitim, grau nna sadi maja let thermal management galaw ra ai.
Anode maga de gaw, graphite gaw shawng nnan shani kaw nna madang rai nga ai. Theoretical capacity gaw 372 mAh/g rai nna, hpaga yumga galaw ai cell ni gaw 340-360 mAh/g hpe lu la ai. Lithium gaw charge galaw ai shaloi graphene layers lapran matut mahkai nna, graphite volume hpe 10% daram jat wa ai. Ndai jak rung myit ru myit tsang lam gaw cycle jawn ai hta n-gun yawm wa hkra karum ya ai.
Silicon anodes gaw "hpang na kaba ai lam" rai nna, ya shi manga ning daram rai sai. Silicon a theoretical capacity gaw 4,200 mAh/g{3}}} graphite hta na htam shi jan rai nga ai. Manghkang gaw, silicon gaw lithium hpe hkam la ai shaloi 300% jat wa ai. Ndai gaw, cycle loi mi na ai hpang, anode hpe garan kau ya ai. Ya aten na ladat ni gaw silicon-graphite ni hpe lang nna silicon hpe 10% npu kaw nna jat galu kaba wa hkra galaw lu na matu galaw ai. Dai majaw, langai ngu na-cycle hpe n mai gram lajang lu ai atsam sum ai lam gaw 15{13}}25% rai nna silicon lawm ai anodes ni hta 5-10% san seng ai graphite a matu galaw ai.
Cell Gawgap ai lam hte hkrang ni
Cylindrical cells ni gaw masha law malawng myit ai "lapu" ngu ai hpe myit ai rai na re. 18650 ning na hkrang (18mm diameter, 65mm galu ai) gaw laptop galaw ai ni 2000 ning a shawng daw de madang masat da ai hpang shara shagu hta nga mat wa ai. Tesla gaw, shawng na Roadster hta wan hku law ai hpe mying kaba ai hku jai lang ai. 18650 ning hta chemistry hta hkan nna 2,000-3,500 mAh 2,000-3,500 mAh hpe galaw ai.
Tesla hte Panasonic ni jawm galaw ai 21700 ngu ai hkrang (21mm × 70mm) gaw, cell-4,000-5,000 mAh langai hta 50% daram n-gun grau law hkra jaw ya ai. Dai kaba ai diameter gaw, n-gun rawng ai arung arai ni hte n shamu shamawt ai arung arai ni (ya aten na mahkawng da ai ni, mai byin ai, shim lum ai arung arai ni) a ratio hpe jat ya ai, pack madang hta n-gun atsam hpe jat ya ai. Manufacturing lines ni hpe bai gram lajang ra ai, dai gaw hpa majaw hkap la ai lam gaw aten loi mi la ai hta lawm ai.
Prismatic cells ni gaw mawdaw hpaga lam hta grau kaja ai shara hpe jai lang mayu ai kaw na pru wa ai. Dai n-gun n rawng ai shara yawng hpe cylinder ni hte jahpring nna, dai n-gun n rawng ai shara yawng hpe tawn da na malai, nang gaw rectangular cells ni hpe atsawm sha shinggrup da ai. Automotive-grade prismatic cells ni gaw 20Ah kaw nna 100Ah jan du hkra rai nga ai. Dai ni gaw, n-gun n rawng ai maga ni hpe hkrak sha tawn da mai ai majaw, packaging a ningmu hku nna thermal- hpe loi ai hku galaw na matu loi ai. N kaja ai lam gaw, na a hkaulan mam yawng hpe n law htum baskets-if langai mi hkrat sum mat sai, cylindrical cell kaji langai hkrat sum mat ai hta grau nna atsam sum mat ai.
Pouch cells ni gaw, n-gang hpe yeng seng kau ai hku nna, lamu ga a akyu rawng ai myit jasat hpe grau nna hkam la lu ai. Dai cell hpe n-gun n rawng ai aluminum-laminate pouch langai mi hta pat da ai. Ndai gaw 10{4}}15% n-gun hpe prismatic can langai hte shingdaw nna hkye la lu ai, format gaw grai htuk manu ai- nang gaw shanhte hpe gara size (sh) application ra ai hpe hkrang shapraw lu ai. EV galaw ai ni hpe ra sharawng ai majaw, shanhte hpe cooling plates ni hta direct bang mai ai majaw re. Dai gawng kya ai lam gaw jak hte galaw ai: shanhte gaw cycle jawn ai aten hta electrode hpe n-gun shayawm kau na matu shinggan n-gun ra ai, puncture hpe grau hkra machyi shangun ai.
Separator hpaji masa
Separator gaw grai n myit mada ai, raitim, dai gaw ahkyak dik htum ai shimlam daw re ngu tsun mai ai. Dai gaw, n-gun n rawng ai (16{3}25 μm) n-gun n rawng ai membrane rai nna, dai gaw anode hte cathode hpe n hkra hkra makawp maga ya ai sha n-ga, lithium ion ni hpe lai shangun ai. Shawng na garan ginhka ai ni gaw, single-layer polyethylene (PE) shing nrai, polypropylene (PP) ni rai nga ai.
Dai ni na aten hta tsaw ai{ 0}}}performance garan ginhka ai ni gaw triplayer structure ni hpe lang ai, laksan hku nna PP/PE/PP ni hpe lang ai. PE layer gaw PP (165℃) hta grau n law ai hka lim ai shara (135℃) nga ai. Cell gaw grai katsi wa ai rai yang, PE gaw hka lim mat nna, pores ni hpe jahpring ya ai, nbung katsi ai lam n du shi yang, ionic transport hpe pat kau u. Ndai hpe thermal shutdown ngu shamying ma ai, dai gaw thermal n hprawng shi yang na a hpang jahtum na makawp maga lam re.
Ceramic- gaw, garan ginhka ai lam ni hpe kaga shimlam n-gun langai mi bai jat bang ya ai. Alumina (sh) kaga ceramic particles ni a n-gun n rawng ai (2{4}}4 μm) gaw, polymer hka lim mat yang pyi, garan ginhka ai maga mi (sh) maga mi de kaga ceramic particles ni hpe ka da ai. Dai coating gaw ionic htaw sa ai lam matut manoi nga ai, raitim, 150℃jan katsi ai aten hta pyi, electrode hpe kadun ai- grup yin kaw na pat shingdang ya ai. N kaja ai lam gaw manu jahpu a manu-} a manu jahpu gaw, masat da ai garan ginhka ai ni a manu hpe 2-3× manu jahpu jaw nna, loi mi grau tsaw ai hkra machyi ai lam ni rai nga ai.
Porosity gaw 40-50% hpe n-gun jaw ai. Grai n law ai hte ionic resistance gaw n-gun atsam hpe shadawn sharam da ai. Grai tsaw ai hte jak rung n-gun grai ja ai. Pore size garan ginhka ai lam mung ahkyak ai; Gurley nambat (nbung n-gun chyam dinglik ai lam) gaw madang masat masa langai mi re. EV-grade garan ginhka ai ni law malawng gaw second 200-400/100cc hpe madung tawn ai.
Electrolyte matut mahkai lam hte matut mahkai lam ni
Lithium ion cell kaw na electrolyte gaw nang myit mada ai hta grau sawng ai. Base tsi ladat gaw, n-gun n rawng ai carbonate ni hpe kayau kaya lang nna, 95%+ cell 95%+ hta, Lithium hexafaphosphate) (lithium hexafaphosphate) hpe n-gun n rawng ai sha, lithium salt-LiPF₆ langai mi rai nga ai. Common hka ja ai tsi ni hta, ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), malu masha shadu sha ai lam (DEC), hte ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) ni lawm ai.
LiPF₆ n-gun gaw 1.0 kaw nna 1.2 M (molar) grup yin hta law malawng nga ai. N-gun grau law ai gaw ionic conductivity hpe shara langai mi du hkra jat ya ai, raitim 1.3 M jan (sh) dai hku nna nang gaw n-gun n law ai shara kaw hka lim ai lam hpe lu hpang wa ai. LiPF₆ hta manghkang ni nga ai{{5}it a hka n-gun-sensitive rai nna, LiBOB (sh) LiFSI zawn re ai kaga ladat ni hpe 60℃jan decompose galaw hpang wa ai.
Carbonate hka n-gun hpe jai lang na matu hkan nang hkan sa wa ai. EC gaw dielectric constant grai law ai hte kaja ai SEI{1}} hkrang shapraw ai atsam ni nga ai, raitim 36℃hta katsi mat ai. DMC (sh) EMC zawn re ai npu na-viscosity carbonate ni hte kayau kaya galaw nna, npu n-gun n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ra ai. Laksan hku nna, EC:DMC 1:1 hku nna, EC:EMC 3:7 rai na re. Dai hpe hkrak hkrak shingdaw ai lam ni gaw madu ai hte atsawm sha sin nga ai.
Additives gaw tengman ai chemistry lamik kumla byin ai shara re. Dai ni na aten na electrolytes ni hta 2-5% lawm nna, SEI byin pru wa ai hpe galai shai ya ai, n-gun grau law ai hpe pat shingdang ai, gas shapraw ai hpe pat shingdang ai, shing nrai, tsaw ai-} n-gun n-gun hpe jat ya ai additive amyu myu a n-gun atsam ni lawm ai. 1-2% hta Vinylene carbonate (VC) gaw graphite anode ni hta SEI a hkamja lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw na matu yawng hte daram sha rai nga ai. Fluoroothylene carbonate (FEC) gaw silicon lawm ai anode ni a matu grau kaja ai. Ndai compound ni gaw, shawng nnan na charge galaw ai aten hta, ionically conductive raitim, electronic hku nna n-gun n rawng ai anode ntsa e makawp maga ai layer byin wa ai, grau ra sharawng ai hku shayawm ya ai.
4.5V grup yin hta polymerizing galaw hpang wa ai, voltage hpe grau nna n-gun n rawng hkra pat shingdang ai kata na shunt hpe shabyin ya ai. Ndai lam gaw BMS hkrat sum mat yang nang hpe makawp maga lam nkau mi jaw ai, raitim, dai hpe kam hpa ai gaw dan dawng ai hku nna design kaja dik ai ladat n re.
Solid Electrolyte Interface hpe hpaw ninghtan ai
SEI gaw n chye na ai raitim, lithium ion battery bungli galaw ai lam hta ahkyak dik htum rai na re. Shawng na charge galaw ai aten loi mi laman, electrolyte a daw ni gaw anode ntsa hte n-gun rawng ai majaw, passivation layer byin wa ai. Ndai layer gaw ahkyak ai: ionically conductive (lithium ions hpe lai di lu na matu) raitim, electronic hku nna n-gun n rawng ai (electrolyte decomposition hpe pat shingdang na matu). SEI garan ginhka ai lam gaw, lithium sau, organic compounds, hte polymers ni hpe n hkru n kaja ai{3}}dozen ni yawng gaw 10-100 nm galu ai layer langai mi hta kayau kaya rai nga ai.
Kaja ai SEI formation ngu ai gaw, 500 lang cycle hte 3,000 lang shingjawng ai cell lapran na shai hkat ai lam re. Manghkang gaw SEI gaw n shamu n shamawt ai. Dai gaw anode hta nsen galai shai ai aten hta n-gun rawng ai, n-gun rawng ai n-gun hpe shapraw ya ai majaw, hkra machyi ai lam hpe gram lajang na matu electrolyte hte lithium grau law hkra jai lang ai. Ndai lam a majaw, nang gaw cell hte sumnung ai aten hta pyi, cycling ntsa hta n-gun yawm mat ai.
Formation cycle gaw ahkyak ai galaw shapraw ai lam re. Cell ni gaw, shawng nnan na SEI hpe gawgap na matu, hkang zing da ai nbung laru ni hta, n-gun n rawng ai charge langai (sh) law law hpe hkam la ai. Formation protocols ni gaw madu ai lam rai nga ai, raitim, shinggyim masha ni a laksan n-gun gaw C/20 kaw nna C/10 du hkra rai nna, dai lam hpe hkying hkum 24-48 ram aten la ra ai. Manufacturers ni gaw, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ai, n-gun n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ai. Ndai shut ai manu jahpu ni hpe lu la ai gaw nang cycle jawn ai.
Calendar asak kaba wa ai-capacity sum mat ai lam gaw, cell gaw dai shara kaw sha dung nga ai aten hta pyi, law malawng SEI mabyin langai mi mung rai nga ai. SEI gaw hpaw da ai circuit hta loi loi hte rawt jat wa nna, cyable lithium hpe sha kau ai. Dai majaw, n-gun grai ja ai hte nbung laru kaba ai shara kaw hkawm sa ai gaw ndai hpe lawan ladan galaw ya ai. 100% SOC hte 60℃hta shinggyin tawn da ai cell langai gaw laning mi laman 20% n-gun yawm mat chye ai, 50% SOC hte 25℃gaw 3% sum mat chye ai.
Charging Protocols hte Battery hparan hpareng ai lam
Lithium ion cell ni gaw, n-gun grau law ai, n htap htuk ai nbung laru ni hta charge galaw ai, n-gun grau law ai hpe hkam sha chye ai. Ndai lam a majaw, multi{2}}cell battery pack shagu hta BMS (battery hparan ai ladat) ra ai.
Standard charge ladat gaw, ya aten/n bung ai voltage (CC{0}}CV hpe n galai shai ai sha galaw ai. CC phase aten hta, nang gaw cell kata de n-gun dat bang nna, cell law malawng a matu, n-gun rawng ai n-gun 0.5C kaw nna 1C du hkra, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun (3C) n-gun (sh) dai hta jan nna, n-gun rawng ai ni hpe n-gun jaw lu ai. Voltage gaw cell charges hku nna rawt wa ai. Voltage gaw ntsa tsang de du wa ai shaloi (4.2V chemistries law malawng a matu, LFP a matu 3.65V, 4.3V (sh) 4.35V tsaw ai ni a matu n bung ai lam nkau mi a matu), CV mode de galai mat ai. Ya aten na cell ni gaw charge hpring tup wa ai shaloi, ya aten na C/20 (sh) C/50 npu de hkrat wa ai shaloi, n-gun yawm mat ai.
Fast charge galaw ai gaw grau sawng ai. Dai majaw, n-gun grau ja ai gaw, anode ntsa e lithium hpe lawan ladan plating galaw ya ai, dai gaw hkrit tsang hpa-metallic lithium gaw grai n-gun ja ai hte, garan pru ai shara de shang wa ai kata na shorts (sh) dendrite byin pru wa chye ai. Hkamja lam hpe lawan ai hku sawk sagawn na matu, lithium plating byin hpang wa ai masa ni hte gara hku voltage, current, hte nbung laru ni gara hku matut mahkai nga ai hpe chye na ra ai.
Masa gaw, pat da ai cell langai mi hta lithium hpe hkrak n mai shadawn ai. Kaga signal ni kaw na dawdan ra ai. Ladat langai gaw, anode atsam hte lithium metal reference hpe hkan tam na matu re. Anode potential gaw 0V hte Li/Li⁺ a lawu de sa wa yang, plating byin nga ai. Manghkang gaw, hpaga yumga cell law malawng hta reference electrodes n nga ai.
Lawan ai hku charge galaw ai shaloi nbung laru kaba wa ai lam mung ahkyak ai. 2C hta cell charge galaw ai gaw, shi a kata na nbung katsi ai hpe mu lu na re 15{4}}20℃gaw, active cooling hte pyi, ambient hta jan ai hpe mu lu na re. Katsi ai aten hta, ndai gaw teng sha karum ya lu ai-a katsi ai cell (say -10℃) grai n-gun n-gun atsam nga ai, raitim, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun (0.5C) hte charge galaw nna, n-gun n-gun jat wa lu yang, bungli galaw ai lam gaw grau kaja wa ai. EV nkau mi gaw ndai lam hpe yaw shada let teng sha galaw ai: katsi ai aten hta, mawdaw gau ai wa acceleration a matu n-gun kaba ra ai lam n nga shi yang, battery hpe katsi na matu, manu dan ai charge pulse kadun hpe galaw na re.
Cell balancing galaw ra ai, hpa majaw nga yang, series kaw na cell ni gaw galoi mung hkum tsup ai hku n bung ai majaw re. Hkamja lam hpe hparan ai lam, self- n-gun n bung ai lam kaji kajaw ni, pack ting hta thermal gradients ni a majaw thermal gradients ni gaw voltage drift byin shangun ai. Balancing n galaw ai sha series string langai hpe charge galaw yang, cell nkau mi gaw kaga ni a man e ntsa na voltage shadawn shadang hpe hkra ai. N-gun ja ai cell ni hpe n-gun n-rawng ai, n-gun kya ai cell ni gaw grai manu dan ai, bungli galaw ai lam hpe hkra machyi shangun ai.
Passive balancing gaw resistor ni hpe lang nna, grau tsaw ai-}voltage cell ni kaw na n-gun hpe sai shapraw kau ya ai. Dai gaw asan sha rai nna manu n hkrat ai raitim, n-gun hpe katsi ai zawn jahten kau ai. Active balancing gaw DC{3} DC galai shai ai ni (sh) capacitor ni hpe lang nna, cell tsaw ai kaw na n-gun hpe n-gun n law ai cell ni de htawt sit ya ai. Grau kaja ai, grau sawng ai, manu grau hpu ai. 400V EV pack a matu, passive balancing gaw 50-100W hpe matut manoi jahten kau ya lu ai, dai gaw mawdaw gau ai atsam hte shingdaw yang n law ai raitim aten ladaw ni na wa ai hte maren jat wa ai.
Thermal hparan hpareng ai lam ni hpe myit yu ai lam
Lithium ion cell hta katsi ai hpe shapraw ai gaw, npawt nhpang masum kaw na pru wa ai: n mai nhtang wa ai katsi ai (Joule gaw kata na n-gun hpe ninghkap ai lam kaw na pru wa ai), nhtang wa mai ai katsi ai (electrochemical reaction a inropy galai shai ai lam), maga de na n-gun ni kaw na katsi ai. N-gun n law ai kaw nna n-gun n law ai C{{1}rates ni hta, nhtang wa mai ai katsi ai gaw uphkang nga ai. C-rate law law hta, n mai nhtang wa ai katsi ai gaw lit la nga ai.
SOC hta hkan nna masat kumla galai ai majaw, bai nhtang wa mai ai heat term gaw myit lawm hpa rai nga ai. Lithium ion chemistries law malawng a matu, charge galaw ai gaw SOC n law ai shara kaw katsi ai hpe shabyin ya ai raitim, SOC kaba hta katsi ai hpe hkam la lu ai. Discharging gaw dai hte nhtan shai ai hku galaw ai. Crossover point gaw 50-60% grup yin rai nga ai. Ndai lam a majaw, current n law ai rai yang, hpang jahtum na charge a hpang jahtum daw hta cell temperature teng sha hkrat sum mat ai hpe mu lu na re.
Kata lam hpe ninghkap ai lam gaw nbung laru, SOC, asak kaba wa ai lam ni hte n bung ai. 25℃hta, 18650 cell nnan langai mi hta 40{8}}60 DC hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam nga na re. -20℃hta, dai gaw 200-300 milliohms de lung wa lu ai. Ndai lam a majaw cold-weather EV range grai hkrat sum mat ai. chemistry gaw n-gun n law ai shara ni hta loi loi sha n-ga, kata na n-gun jat wa ai gaw cell kata na katsi ai majaw battery a n-gun grau law wa ai hpe tsun mayu ai.
Thermal hprawng hkawm ai lam gaw chemistry hta madung nga ai. NMC cell ni a matu, n-gun n rawng ai lam ni gaw 180-220℃daram kaw nna hpang wa ai. Shawng nnan galaw ngut ai hpang, nbung laru gaw second mi hta 10-50℃lu nna, 800℃(sh) dai hta jan ai de du wa lu ai. LFP gaw grau shim lum ai; thermal runaway gaw 270℃+ rai nna, du lu ai n-gun grau yawm ai.
Pack langai hta lawm ai cell ni a lapran garan pru ai lam gaw teng sha hkrit tsang hpa rai nga ai. Cell langai mi gaw thermal hprawng mat wa ai rai yang, shi a htingbu ni hpe katsi shangun ai. Htingbu cell ni mung hprawng mat ai kun ngu ai gaw, katsi ai atsam, cell ni a shara, insulation ni hta madung nga ai. UL 9540A propagation chyam dinglik ai lam gaw, cell langai hpe thermal hprawng mat wa hkra shadut nna, makau grup yin na cell ni hkan nang ai kun ngu ai hpe yu reng ai hku nna, ndai hpe shingdaw ai. Kaja ai pack design hta cell langai (sh) law malawng gaw module kaji langai mi n lu ai lam ni lawm ai.
Cooling ladat ni gaw n bung ai. Nbung katsi ai lam gaw cells (sh) pack ntsa na nbung laru a asan sha n re. PHEVs (sh) n-gun n-gun hpe shinggyin tawn ai ladat ni zawn re ai n-gun n law ai n-gun n-gun hpe jai lang na matu OK bungli galaw ai. Liquid cooling gaw tsaw ai-}s ni a matu EV ni a matu ra ai. Design law malawng gaw 50:50 hka-}glycol mix hpe minit mi hta 10-25 litres hpe katsi ai plate (sh) katsi ai hka htung ni hku nna lang ai. Inlet nbung hpe 20-35℃du hkra hkang lu ai. Battery pack temperature gradients ni gaw grau katsi ai cell ni a asak kaba wa ai hpe koi lu na matu 5℃npu kaw nna min du hkra nga ra ai.
Nkau chyam dinglik ai hkrang masa ni hta, hka n-gun shayawm ai, dielectric ntsin hta lup mat ai, shing nrai, phase- galai shai ai arung arai ni hpe lang ai. Refrigerant cooling gaw grau katsi ai hpe shaw kau ya lu ai raitim, grau sawng ai AC system ra ai. Hka hpe katsi shangun ai gaw, n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ai lam ni hpe n-gun jaw ai lam ni hpe n-gun jaw ai lam ni hpe n-gun jaw ai lam ni rai nga ai. PCM ni gaw passive hku bungli galaw ai raitim, hpang jahtum e shinggyin tawn da ai wan hpe ningdang kau ra ai majaw, lawan ai hku charge galaw ai (sh) lawan ai hku n-gun ja ai aten hta aten kadun laman katsi ai hpe madung hku nna karum ya ai.
Hkum hkrang n-gun yawm wa ai hte hkrat sum ai lam ni
Atsam n nga mat nna, impedance rawt jat lam gaw, n-gun yawm mat ai lam madung lahkawng rai nga ai. Shanhte gaw hkum hkrang hte chemical process law law a majaw kalang ta byin pru wa ai.
Anode maga de, SEI rawt jat wa ai gaw, cycle lam hte electrolyte hpe sha ai majaw, ninghkap lu ai atsam grau law wa ai. Graphite exfoliation gaw, cell hpe graphite ntsa kaw n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai sha, n-gup n-gu n-gun shayawm na malai, n-gun n-rawng ai shara ni hta charge galaw ai rai yang, hpang jahtum e, shada da shingdaw hkat ai shaloi, graphite structure hpe garan ginhka kau ya ai. Ndai lam gaw n mai nhtang wa ai lam law law nga ai. Katsi ai shara ni hta Binder decomposition gaw particle ni a lapran wan n-gun hte matut mahkai ai lam sum mat ai.
Cathode jahten sharun ai lam hta, galai shai ai lam hpe n-gun shayawm ai lam (grau nna LMO (sh) manganese{0} hta lawm ai NMC)), lithium hpe bai kahtap bang ai/hpyi ai lam kaw na hkrang galai shai ai lam ni, ntsa lam hpe bai gram lajang ai lam ni lawm ai. Dai dissolved galai shai ai nlung ni gaw SEI rawt jat lam hpe shabyin ya ai anode de htawt sit mat wa ai majaw, cathode hten za ai lam gaw anode hten za ai lam hpe n hkrak ai hku lawan shangun ai.
Electrolyte decomposition hte gas shapraw ai lam gaw, n-gun kaba ai hte nbung laru kaba ni hta grau kaba ai manghkang ni rai nga ai. Masha law law lang ai wan sau ni hta CO€, CO, hte carbonate n-gun yawm mat ai kaw na hydrocarbon amyu myu lawm ai. Pouch cell ni hta, pouch gaw asan sha mu lu na re. cylindrical (sh) prismatic cell ni hta yak hkak ai lam ni nga ai, shim lum lam hpaw ai aten du hkra n-gun jat wa ai (typically 10-15 bar hta).
Lithium inventory sum mat ai gaw, n-gun kaba ai ladat langai rai nga ai. SEI gaw anode ntsa hta n mai nhtang wa hkra lithium plate ni hpe tuthium ni hpe n mai gram lajang lu ai hku hkai ai shaloi, lithium nkau mi hpe cycle hka htung kaw na shaw la ai. Hpang jahtum nang gaw htum mat nna, capacity hkrat mat ai.
Sudden hkrat sum ai lam ni gaw kata na short kaw nna byin chye ai. Law malawng gaw, kaji kajaw{1}}a kaji dik ai magri n-gang ni hpe garan ginhka ai (sh) lithium dendrite hku nna hkai ai. Dai kadun ai gaw, n-gun ja ai shara hpe shabyin ya ai, dai gaw buga ginra hta hkrat sum ai lam hpe lawan ladan byin shangun ai, dai gaw kadun ai hpe grau sawng hkra galaw ya ai, nang gaw kaja ai ningmu ni hpe lu la ai. Kalang lang gaw, kadun ai hku hka lim mat yang, cell self{4}}}}} gaw shi hkum shi hpaw mat ai. Kaga aten ni hta thermal hprawng mat ai de du wa ai.
Nail shang ai chyam dinglik ai lam ni (crace cell hku nna steel nail hpe atik anang bang ai) gaw, n tara ai hku jai lang ai chyam dinglik ai lam re. LFP cells ni gaw, n-gang shang ai kaw na thermal hprawng ai lam de n shang ai. NMC cell ni gaw, grau kaja ai garan ginhka ai ni hte n-gun yawm ai hkrang ni hpe lang ai design ni hpe law law lang galaw chye ai.
Hkrang 5 gaw, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun (1C charge/discharge), 25℃, 100% DOD) a npu hta chemistries law law a matu n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun jaw ai.
Hkamja lam hte seng ai mungdaw hte hkamja lam hpe sawn dinglik ai lam
Lithium ion cell hta n-gun kade daram nga ai hpe hkrak n mai shadawn ai. Kaga shadawn shadang ni kaw na sawn la ra ai: voltage, current, hte temperature.
SOC sawn shapraw ai ladat gaw voltage-dai hpe madung tawn ai. Chemistry langai hpra gaw, SOC curve hte shingdaw yang, laklai ai hpaw ai- grup yin n-gun nga ai. Cell gaw aten kadun laman hkring sa la ngut ai hpang na voltage hpe shadawn yu u (internin resistance htum mat ai kaw na transient voltage hkrat mat na matu), OCV curve ntsa kaw tam yu u, SOC hpe chye ai. Manghkang gaw, nang gaw cell a matu aten n law ai sha, tengman ai application ni hta hkring sa na matu re.
Coulomb hpe hti ai gaw, madang masat masa galaw ai ladat re. Nang gaw aten ladaw hta current hpe hpaw nna charge hpe hkan tam ai. Chye da ai SOC kaw nna hpang ai rai yang, SOC nnan hpe gara aten hta raitim sawn la mai ai. Accuracy gaw na a ya na sensor hta madung nga ai (±0.5% gaw shinggyim masha ni a atsam) hta madung nga ai. Shut ai lam ni aten ladaw ni na wa ai hte maren hpawng de ai majaw, charge (sh) discharge cycle hpring tup galaw ai hku nna aten kadun laman bai gram lajang ra ai.
Model- hta lawm ai ladat ni gaw, cell a maren mara (sh) electrochemical model hpe lang ai. Nang gaw terminal voltage hte current hpe shadawn nna, na a model hku nna galaw nna, SOC lawm ai kata na state ni hpe shaw la ai. Grau jat ai Kalman filter (sh) dai hte bung ai mungdaw hpe yu ai ni gaw law law nga ai. Ndai ladat ni gaw grai hkrak ai (±2% SOC shut ai lam) raitim, kaja ai hkrang masa ni hte ahkyak ai masat masa arung arai ni ra nga ai.
SOH hpe maram masam ai gaw grau yak ai, hpa majaw nga yang, nang gaw n-gun yawm ai hte loi loi hte n-gun yawm ai lam hpe shadawn shadang galaw na matu shakut nga ai. Atsam n nga ai hte impedance rawt jat lam gaw langai hte langai (sh) cycle count hte linear hku n mai matut mahkai ai. Lawan ai cell gaw n-gun grai ja ai raitim, n-gun n law ai cell langai mi nga na re raitim, n-gun n law ai gaw n-gun yawm mat chye ai. SOC/temperature hta tawn da ai cell langai gaw, grai law ai atsam n nga ai raitim, n-gun n law ai gaw, n-gun n law ai rai na re.
Industry practice gaw SOH hpe atsam hpe madung tawn nna lachyum shaleng na matu re: shi a shawng na atsam hta na 80% daram nga ai cell langai gaw 80% SOH hta rai nna, ndai hpe EV application ni a matu end- kaw na end- kaw na law law lang sawn la chye ai. Cell gaw naw bungli galaw nga ai, raitim range gaw 20% hkrat sum mat sai. N-gun hpe shinggyin la na matu, cell ni hpe 60-70% SOH du hkra jai lang mai ai.
BMS nkau mi gaw aten kadun laman hta n-gun n law ai sha battery hpe hkrak hkra shapraw nna, n-gun kade daram pru wa ai hpe shadawn ai. Ndai gaw hkrak ai raitim, shang wa ai (tutre ai lam gaw chyam dinglik ai aten hta n mai lang ai) hte hkying hkum law law aten la ra ai. Kaga ladat ni gaw, voltage curves, impedance shadawn ai lam, shing nrai, coulombic efficiency ni kaw nna, n hkrak ai hku sawn la na matu shakut ai.
Kata na ninghkap ai lam hpe ya na pulse hte shadawn ai hku nna shadawn mai ai, shing nrai, AC signal kaji langai hpe frequency amyu myu hta bang nna shadawn mai ai (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). EIS gaw grau law ai shiga ni hpe jaw ai raitim, hpaga lam BMS ni hta n law htum lawm ai specialized hardware ni ra ai.
Lahkawng ngu na{0}} Prat hta jai lang ai lam ni hte bai jai lang ai lam
EV battery langai mi gaw end-f de du wa ai shaloi, n ra ai application ni a matu hkum tsup ai hku naw galaw nga ai. Lahkawng lang ngu na battery lang ai lam gaw, n shamu n shamawt ai n-gun hpe shinggyin tawn na matu, n-gun lu la nga ai.
Sut masa lam ni gaw hkalem hkalau ai lam ni rai nga ai. Nang gaw retired pack hpe chyam yu ra ai, dai hpe bai gram lajang ra ai (BMS hpe galai kau ai, katsi ai ladat, shing nrai, hkra machyi ai modules ni hpe galai kau ra ai), application nnan a matu masat masa galaw ra ai, garan gachyan ai lam hpe mung jaw ra ai. Ndai yawng gaw gumhpraw ra ai. Second{3}} a matu lachyum pru na matu, bai gram lajang da ai pack gaw, n shamu n shamawt ai sha jai lang na matu galaw da ai pack nnan hta grau n law ai manu jahpu ra ai. Nang kam ai sawk sagawn ai lam hta hkan nna, gumhpraw bai gram lajang ai lam gaw, pack manu nnan 40-50% hta n-pu rai tim, manu jahpu ni htum mat ai.
Pension lu ai cell ni hpe chyam yu ai gaw n-gun n yawm ai n{}}tivial re. Module langai hta cell latsa daram lawm nna, series-pallel hta lawm chye ai. Shanhte hpe langai hkrai loi loi hte n mai chyam yu ai. Module hpe unit langai hku nna chyam yu mai ai, raitim n kaja ai cell langai gaw shi hkum shi mask galaw lu ai. Degradation mode nkau mi hpe jahten sharun ai chyam dinglik ai lam n nga ai sha chye na matu yak ai. Liability ngu ai ga san mung nga ai: Second- gaw wan hkru mat ai rai yang, kadai wa lit la ra ai kun?
Recycling ngu ai gaw jahtum na jahtum-fe lam rai nga ai. Ya aten na kaba ai- scale bai jai lang ai lam hta pyrometallurgy (smelting) shing nrai hydrometallurgy (chemical leaching) hpe lang ai. Pyrometallurgy gaw grau loi ai raitim, n law ai lata la ai-you gaw, grau nna gram lajang ra ai mixed metal alloy ni hpe lu la ai. Hydrometallurgy gaw langai hkrai a magri ni hpe grau san seng ai hku bai lu la mai ai raitim, lahkam law law ra ai hte chemical n kaja ai hpe shapraw ya lu ai.
Bai jai lang ai sut masa gaw, magri manu ni hta grai madung nga ai. Cobalt gaw manu dan ai (labau hta $30{{2}40/kg) daram manu dan ai raitim, manu ni grai law hkra galai shai wa ai), dai majaw cobalt{{5}rich chemistries ni hpe bai jai lang ai gaw sut masa lam hta mai kaja nga ai. Nickel gaw scale hta bai jai lang na matu manu dan ai. Manganese, iron, hte aluminum ni gaw npu n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-nga ai majaw, bai jai lang ai lam gaw madung hku nna, shanhte hpe nhprang wan n-gun n-nga hkra makawp maga na matu lachyum pru nga ai. Lithium gaw myit lawm hpa rai nga ai- kilogram langai hta grai manu n dan ai, raitim, supply pat shingdang ai lam ni gaw hkam kaja lam hpe myit lawm shangun ai.
Direct recycling- hpe battery hpe garan nna, cathode (sh) anode arung arai ni hpe hkrak hkrak bai lang ai gaw, n-gun ja ai sawk sagawn ai shara langai mi rai nga ai-} gaw, n-gun ja ai sawk sagawn ai shara re. Nang gaw cathode powder hpe lang mai ai hkrang hku bai lu la mai yang, cathode synthesis a n-gun hte manu hpe hkye la na re. Challenges hta, ya aten na mahkawng da ai ni hte binders ni hte active material hpe garan ginhka ai lam lawm nna, bai jai lang ai arung arai ni gaw, n bung ai galaw shapraw ai ni, asak, chemistries ni kaw na cell ni hpe kayau kaya galaw ai lam hpe hparan ai lam ni lawm ai.
